As a Risk Factor to Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review

Overview

Journal J Alzheimers Dis Rep

Publisher IOS Press

Date 2021 Nov 10

PMID 34755046

Citations 20

Authors

Abdelrahman Elwishahy

Khatia Antia

Sneha Bhusari

Nkorika Chiamaka Ilechukwu

Olaf Horstick

Volker Winkler

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for more than 50% of all dementia cases worldwide. There is wide consensus on the risk factors of AD; however, a clear etiology remains unknown. Evidence suggests that the inflammatory-mediated disease model, such as that found with periodontal disease due to (), plays a role in AD progression.

Objective: This study aims to systematically review the literature on the association between to AD, and to identify the homogeneity of the methods used across studies to measure involvement in AD.

Methods: We systematically searched studies on Cochrane library, Ovid Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, WHOLIS, Google Scholar databases, and reference lists of identified studies.

Results: 6 studies out of 636 identified records fulfilled all eligibility criteria. Results showed no clear pathophysiology of AD due to and its various virulence factors. No consensus was found in the literature pertaining to the method of measurement of AD or and its virulence factors.

Conclusion: The included studies suggest that bacteria play a role in the process of systemic inflammation which leads to cerebrospinal fluid inflammation and indirectly cause hastening of AD onset and progression. Our included studies revealed heterogeneity in the methodologies of measurement of AD and/or and its virulence factors, which opens discussion about the benefits and weakness of possible standardization.

Citing Articles

Correlation between Periodontitis and Onset of Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review.

Barbarisi A, Visconti V, Lauritano D, Cremonini F, Caccianiga G, Ceraulo S Dent J (Basel). 2024; 12(10).

PMID: 39452459 PMC: 11505964. DOI: 10.3390/dj12100331.

The mechanisms of -derived outer membrane vesicles-induced neurotoxicity and microglia activation.

Chuang W, Yang C, Wang H, Lin S, Yu C, Syu J J Dent Sci. 2024; 19(3):1434-1442.

PMID: 39035337 PMC: 11259672. DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2024.04.002.

Prunin Laurate Derived from Natural Substances Shows Antibacterial Activity against the Periodontal Pathogen .

Wada E, Ito C, Shinohara M, Handa S, Maetani M, Yasugi M Foods. 2024; 13(12).

PMID: 38928857 PMC: 11202431. DOI: 10.3390/foods13121917.

Recent Aspects of Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review.

Cichonska D, Mazus M, Kusiak A Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(5).

PMID: 38473858 PMC: 10931712. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052612.

Oral microbiome characteristics in patients with pediatric solid tumor.

Cui X, Du X, Cui X, Fan R, Pan J, Wang Z Front Microbiol. 2024; 14:1286522.

PMID: 38249475 PMC: 10797044. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286522.

References

Guo Y, Nguyen K, Potempa J . Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000. 2010; 54(1):15-44. PMC: 2924770. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x. View

Datta H, Ng W, Walker J, Tuck S, Varanasi S . The cell biology of bone metabolism. J Clin Pathol. 2008; 61(5):577-87. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.048868. View

Singhrao S, Harding A, Simmons T, Robinson S, Kesavalu L, Crean S . Oral inflammation, tooth loss, risk factors, and association with progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014; 42(3):723-37. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-140387. View

Wu Z, Ni J, Liu Y, Teeling J, Takayama F, Collcutt A . Cathepsin B plays a critical role in inducing Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes following chronic systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2017; 65:350-361. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.002. View

Li N, Collyer C . Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis - Complex domain structures confer diverse functions. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2014; 1(1):41-58. PMC: 3894813. DOI: 10.1556/EuJMI.1.2011.1.7. View

Aarabi G, Thomalla G, Heydecke G, Seedorf U . Chronic oral infection: An emerging risk factor of cerebral small vessel disease. Oral Dis. 2018; 25(3):710-719. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12912. View

Jack Jr C, Bennett D, Blennow K, Carrillo M, Dunn B, Budd Haeberlein S . NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14(4):535-562. PMC: 5958625. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018. View

Singhrao S, Olsen I . Assessing the role of in periodontitis to determine a causative relationship with Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol. 2019; 11(1):1563405. PMC: 6352933. DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1563405. View

Kamer A, Craig R, Dasanayake A, Brys M, Glodzik-Sobanska L, de Leon M . Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: possible role of periodontal diseases. Alzheimers Dement. 2008; 4(4):242-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.004. View

10.

Ranjan R, Abhinay A, Mishra M . Can oral microbial infections be a risk factor for neurodegeneration? A review of the literature. Neurol India. 2018; 66(2):344-351. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.227315. View

11.

Chen C, Wu Y, Chang Y . Association between chronic periodontitis and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective, population-based, matched-cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017; 9(1):56. PMC: 5547465. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0282-6. View

12.

Kamer A, Craig R, Niederman R, Fortea J, de Leon M . Periodontal disease as a possible cause for Alzheimer's disease. Periodontol 2000. 2020; 83(1):242-271. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12327. View

13.

. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018; 18(1):88-106. PMC: 6291454. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4. View

14.

Liu Y, Wu Z, Nakanishi Y, Ni J, Hayashi Y, Takayama F . Infection of microglia with Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes cell migration and an inflammatory response through the gingipain-mediated activation of protease-activated receptor-2 in mice. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):11759. PMC: 5603557. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12173-1. View

15.

Kumar P . From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease. J Physiol. 2016; 595(2):465-476. PMC: 5233655. DOI: 10.1113/JP272427. View

16.

Ryder M . Porphyromonas gingivalis and Alzheimer disease: Recent findings and potential therapies. J Periodontol. 2020; 91 Suppl 1:S45-S49. PMC: 7689719. DOI: 10.1002/JPER.20-0104. View

17.

Choi S, Kim K, Chang J, Kim S, Kim S, Cho H . Association of Chronic Periodontitis on Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67(6):1234-1239. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15828. View

18.

Abbayya K, Puthanakar N, Naduwinmani S, Chidambar Y . Association between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease. N Am J Med Sci. 2015; 7(6):241-6. PMC: 4488989. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.159325. View

19.

Zhao N, Liu C, Qiao W, Bu G . Apolipoprotein E, Receptors, and Modulation of Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2017; 83(4):347-357. PMC: 5599322. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.003. View

20.

Cummings J, Vinters H, Cole G, Khachaturian Z . Alzheimer's disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology. 1998; 51(1 Suppl 1):S2-17; discussion S65-7. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.51.1_suppl_1.s2. View