Can Salivary Innate Immune Molecules Provide Clue on Taste Dysfunction in COVID-19?

Overview

Journal Front Microbiol

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2021 Oct 28

PMID 34707585

Citations 1

Authors

Aaron Ermel

Thankam Paul Thyvalikakath

Tatiana Foroud

Babar Khan

Mythily Srinivasan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Emerging concerns following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic are the long-term effects of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Dysgeusia in COVID-19 is supported by the abundant expression of the entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), in the oral mucosa. The invading virus perturbs the commensal biofilm and regulates the host responses that permit or suppress viral infection. We correlated the microbial recognition receptors and soluble ACE2 (sACE2) with the SARS-CoV2 measures in the saliva of COVID-19 patients. Data indicate that the toll-like receptor-4, peptidoglycan recognition protein, and sACE2 are elevated in COVID-19 saliva and correlate moderately with the viral load.

Citing Articles

Reduced Salivary Gustin and Statherin in Long-COVID Cohort with Impaired Bitter Taste.

Chowdary H, Riley N, Patel P, Gossweiler A, Running C, Srinivasan M J Clin Med. 2024; 13(22).

PMID: 39597960 PMC: 11594764. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13226816.

References

Li N, Ma W, Pang M, Fan Q, Hua J . The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:1551. PMC: 6620863. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01551. View

Heurich A, Hofmann-Winkler H, Gierer S, Liepold T, Jahn O, Pohlmann S . TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. J Virol. 2013; 88(2):1293-307. PMC: 3911672. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02202-13. View

Estiri H, Strasser Z, Brat G, Semenov Y, Patel C, Murphy S . Evolving phenotypes of non-hospitalized patients that indicate long COVID. BMC Med. 2021; 19(1):249. PMC: 8474909. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02115-0. View

Lee Y, Zhou H, Reiss J, Yan X, Zhang L, Chia D . Direct saliva transcriptome analysis. Clin Chem. 2011; 57(9):1295-302. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.159210. View

Swaminathan V, Prakasam S, Puri V, Srinivasan M . Role of salivary epithelial toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in modulating innate immune responses in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2013; 48(6):757-65. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12066. View

Silva J, Lucas C, Sundaram M, Israelow B, Wong P, Klein J . Saliva viral load is a dynamic unifying correlate of COVID-19 severity and mortality. medRxiv. 2021; . PMC: 7805468. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.04.21249236. View

Choudhury A, Mukherjee S . In silico studies on the comparative characterization of the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with ACE-2 receptor homologs and human TLRs. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(10):2105-2113. PMC: 7267663. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25987. View

Iebba V, Zanotta N, Campisciano G, Zerbato V, Di Bella S, Cason C . Profiling of Oral Microbiota and Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12:671813. PMC: 8361794. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.671813. View

Feldman C, Anderson R . The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2021; 13(1):5. PMC: 8068564. DOI: 10.1186/s41479-021-00083-w. View

10.

Gadotti A, Deus M, Telles J, Wind R, Goes M, Garcia Charello Ossoski R . IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection. Virus Res. 2020; 289:198171. PMC: 7510544. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198171. View

11.

Wilks J, Beilinson H, Golovkina T . Dual role of commensal bacteria in viral infections. Immunol Rev. 2013; 255(1):222-9. PMC: 3838194. DOI: 10.1111/imr.12097. View

12.

Patel S, Juno J, Lee W, Wragg K, Hogarth P, Kent S . Plasma ACE2 activity is persistently elevated following SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for COVID-19 pathogenesis and consequences. Eur Respir J. 2021; 57(5). PMC: 7830336. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03730-2020. View

13.

Hirayama A, Awano S, Seta Y, Ansai T . ADAM17 regulates TNF-α expression upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation in oral keratinocytes. Biomed Res. 2017; 38(3):157-165. DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.157. View

14.

Kate Gadanec L, McSweeney K, Qaradakhi T, Ali B, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V . Can SARS-CoV-2 Virus Use Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells?. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(3). PMC: 7863934. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030992. View

15.

Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L . Inflammation activates the interferon signaling pathways in taste bud cells. J Neurosci. 2007; 27(40):10703-13. PMC: 2096741. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3102-07.2007. View

16.

Monteil V, Kwon H, Prado P, Hagelkruys A, Wimmer R, Stahl M . Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2. Cell. 2020; 181(4):905-913.e7. PMC: 7181998. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004. View

17.

Pascolo L, Zupin L, Melato M, Tricarico P, Crovella S . TMPRSS2 and ACE2 Coexpression in SARS-CoV-2 Salivary Glands Infection. J Dent Res. 2020; 99(10):1120-1121. DOI: 10.1177/0022034520933589. View

18.

Sohn K, Lee S, Kim H, Cheon S, Jeong H, Lee J . COVID-19 Patients Upregulate Toll-like Receptor 4-mediated Inflammatory Signaling That Mimics Bacterial Sepsis. J Korean Med Sci. 2020; 35(38):e343. PMC: 7521960. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e343. View