Can We Predict Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Behavior? Role of Genetic and Molecular Markers

Overview

Journal Medicina (Kaunas)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2021 Oct 23

PMID 34684168

Citations 8

Authors

Rita Niciporuka

Jurijs Nazarovs

Arturs Ozolins

Zenons Narbuts

Edvins Miklasevics

Janis Gardovskis

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is ranked in ninth place among all the newly diagnosed cancer cases in 2020. Differentiated thyroid cancer behavior can vary from indolent to extremely aggressive. Currently, predictions of cancer prognosis are mainly based on clinicopathological features, which are direct consequences of cell and tissue microenvironment alterations. These alterations include genetic changes, cell cycle disorders, estrogen receptor expression abnormalities, enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix degradation, increased hypoxia, and consecutive neovascularization. All these processes are represented by specific genetic and molecular markers, which can further predict thyroid cancer development, progression, and prognosis. In conclusion, evaluation of cancer genetic and molecular patterns, in addition to clinicopathological features, can contribute to the identification of patients with a potentially worse prognosis. It is essential since it plays a crucial role in decision-making regarding initial surgery, postoperative treatment, and follow-up. To date, there is a large diversity in methodologies used in different studies, frequently leading to contradictory results. To evaluate the true significance of predictive markers, more comparable studies should be conducted.

Citing Articles

Integrated transcriptome sequencing and weighted gene co-expression network analysis reveals key genes of papillary thyroid carcinomas.

Pan L, Zhang L, Fu J, Shen K, Zhang G Heliyon. 2024; 10(7):e27928.

PMID: 38560266 PMC: 10981042. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27928.

Update on Molecular Diagnostics in Thyroid Pathology: A Review.

Alzumaili B, Sadow P Genes (Basel). 2023; 14(7).

PMID: 37510219 PMC: 10379610. DOI: 10.3390/genes14071314.

Serum soluble immune checkpoint levels predict cervical lymph node metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients.

Shao Y, Gui X, Wang Y, Sheng L, Sun D, Zeng Q Cancer Med. 2023; 12(17):17648-17659.

PMID: 37501393 PMC: 10524022. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6382.

Sexual disparity and the risk of second primary thyroid cancer: a paradox.

Hussein M, Mueller L, Issa P, Haidari M, Trinh L, Toraih E Gland Surg. 2023; 12(4):432-441.

PMID: 37200932 PMC: 10186173. DOI: 10.21037/gs-22-411.

Molecular diagnostics in the evaluation of thyroid nodules: Current use and prospective opportunities.

Patel J, Klopper J, Cottrill E Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023; 14:1101410.

PMID: 36909304 PMC: 9999006. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1101410.

References

Ozolins A, Narbuts Z, Strumfa I, Volanska G, Gardovskis J . Diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical panel in various thyroid pathologies. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2010; 395(7):885-91. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0690-6. View

Yoo S, Lee S, Kim S, Jee H, Kim B, Cho H . Comprehensive Analysis of the Transcriptional and Mutational Landscape of Follicular and Papillary Thyroid Cancers. PLoS Genet. 2016; 12(8):e1006239. PMC: 4975456. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006239. View

Vuong H, Altibi A, Duong U, Ngo H, Pham T, Tran H . Role of molecular markers to predict distant metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Promising value of TERT promoter mutations and insignificant role of BRAF mutations-a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2017; 39(10):1010428317713913. DOI: 10.1177/1010428317713913. View

Ahn H, Kim M, Kim M, Cho S, Kim Y, Lee G . Loss of ERβ expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with recurrence in young female. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014; 82(2):300-6. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12486. View

Teshima M, Tokita K, Ryo E, Matsumoto F, Kondo M, Ikegami Y . Clinical impact of a cytological screening system using cyclin D1 immunostaining and genomic analysis for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19(1):245. PMC: 6423761. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5452-4. View

Adeniran A, Hui P, Chhieng D, Prasad M, Schofield K, Theoharis C . BRAF mutation testing of thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens enhances the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance. Acta Cytol. 2011; 55(6):570-5. DOI: 10.1159/000333274. View

Zhao L, Wang L, Jia X, Hu X, Pang P, Zhao S . The Coexistence of Genetic Mutations in Thyroid Carcinoma Predicts Histopathological Factors Associated With a Poor Prognosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol. 2020; 10:540238. PMC: 7682272. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.540238. View

. Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell. 2014; 159(3):676-90. PMC: 4243044. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.050. View

Semenza G . Hypoxia-inducible factors: mediators of cancer progression and targets for cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 33(4):207-14. PMC: 3437546. DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.005. View

10.

Semenza G . Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003; 3(10):721-32. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1187. View

11.

Conway E, Collen D, Carmeliet P . Molecular mechanisms of blood vessel growth. Cardiovasc Res. 2001; 49(3):507-21. DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00281-9. View

12.

DO S, Kim D, Yang J, Pyo J, Kim K, Lee H . Decreased expression of p27 is associated with malignant transformation and extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2015; 37(3):3359-64. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4163-y. View

13.

Li Y, He J, Wang F, Wang X, Yang F, Zhao C . Role of MMP-9 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2020; 18(1):181. PMC: 7376963. DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01958-w. View

14.

Chen Y, Sadow P, Suh H, Lee K, Choi J, Suh Y . BRAF(V600E) Is Correlated with Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Systematic Review, Multi-Institutional Primary Data Analysis, and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid. 2015; 26(2):248-55. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0391. View

15.

Xu D, Su C, Guo L, Yan H, Wang S, Yuan C . Predictive Significance of Serum MMP-9 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Open Life Sci. 2021; 14:275-287. PMC: 7874766. DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0031. View

16.

Shakib H, Rajabi S, Dehghan M, Jalali Mashayekhi F, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Hedayati M . Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review. Endocrine. 2019; 66(3):435-455. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02030-8. View

17.

Pannone G, Santoro A, Pasquali D, Zamparese R, Mattoni M, Russo G . The role of survivin in thyroid tumors: differences of expression in well-differentiated, non-well-differentiated, and anaplastic thyroid cancers. Thyroid. 2013; 24(3):511-9. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0196. View

18.

Hu J, Yuan I, Mirshahidi S, Simental A, Lee S, Yuan X . Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(4). PMC: 7920269. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041950. View

19.

Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Hirokawa M, Ito Y, Kihara M, Higashiyama T . Ki-67 labeling index is a predictor of postoperative persistent disease and cancer growth and a prognostic indicator in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur Thyroid J. 2014; 2(1):57-64. PMC: 3821500. DOI: 10.1159/000347148. View

20.

Tuttle R, Brose M . Best Use of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Progressive Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Discussion. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2016; 14(5 Suppl 9):12-3. View