Effect of Background Clutter on Neural Discrimination in the Bat Auditory Midbrain

The discrimination of complex sounds is a fundamental function of the auditory system. This operation must be robust in the presence of noise and acoustic clutter. Echolocating bats are auditory specialists that discriminate sonar objects in acoustically complex environments. Bats produce brief signals, interrupted by periods of silence, rendering echo snapshots of sonar objects. Sonar object discrimination requires that bats process spatially and temporally overlapping echoes to make split-second decisions. The mechanisms that enable this discrimination are not well understood, particularly in complex environments. We explored the neural underpinnings of sonar object discrimination in the presence of acoustic scattering caused by physical clutter. We performed electrophysiological recordings in the inferior colliculus of awake big brown bats, to broadcasts of prerecorded echoes from physical objects. We acquired single unit responses to echoes and discovered a subpopulation of IC neurons that encode acoustic features that can be used to discriminate between sonar objects. We further investigated the effects of environmental clutter on this population's encoding of acoustic features. We discovered that the effect of background clutter on sonar object discrimination is highly variable and depends on object properties and target-clutter spatiotemporal separation. In many conditions, clutter impaired discrimination of sonar objects. However, in some instances clutter enhanced acoustic features of echo returns, enabling higher levels of discrimination. This finding suggests that environmental clutter may augment acoustic cues used for sonar target discrimination and provides further evidence in a growing body of literature that noise is not universally detrimental to sensory encoding. Bats are powerful animal models for investigating the encoding of auditory objects under acoustically challenging conditions. Although past work has considered the effect of acoustic clutter on sonar target detection, less is known about target discrimination in clutter. Our work shows that the neural encoding of auditory objects was affected by clutter in a distance-dependent manner. These findings advance the knowledge on auditory object detection and discrimination and noise-dependent stimulus enhancement.