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Hemorrhage and Locomotor Deficits Induced by Pain Input After Spinal Cord Injury Are Partially Mediated by Changes in Hemodynamics

Overview
Journal J Neurotrauma
Publisher Mary Ann Liebert
Date 2021 Oct 15
PMID 34652956
Citations 5
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Abstract

Nociceptive input diminishes recovery and increases lesion area after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent work has linked these effects to the expansion of hemorrhage at the site of injury. The current article examines whether these adverse effects are linked to a pain-induced rise in blood pressure (BP) and/or flow. Male rats with a low-thoracic SCI were treated with noxious input (electrical stimulation [shock] or capsaicin) soon after injury. Locomotor recovery and BP were assessed throughout. Tissues were collected 3 h, 24 h, or 21 days later. Both electrical stimulation and capsaicin undermined locomotor function and increased the area of hemorrhage. Changes in BP/flow varied depending on type of noxious input, with only shock producing changes in BP. Providing behavioral control over the termination of noxious stimulation attenuated the rise in BP and hemorrhage. Pretreatment with the α-1 adrenergic receptor inverse agonist, prazosin, reduced the stimulation-induced rise in BP and hemorrhage. Prazosin also attenuated the adverse effect that noxious stimulation has on long-term recovery. Administration of the adrenergic agonist, norepinephrine 1 day after injury induced an increase in BP and disrupted locomotor function, but had little effect on hemorrhage. Further, inducing a rise in BP/flow using norepinephrine undermined long-term recovery and increased tissue loss. Mediational analyses suggest that the pain-induced rise in blood flow may foster hemorrhage after SCI. Increased BP appears to act through an independent process to adversely affect locomotor performance, tissue sparing, and long-term recovery.

Citing Articles

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General Anesthesia Blocks Pain-Induced Hemorrhage and Locomotor Deficits After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

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Noxious Stimulation Induces Acute Hemorrhage and Impairs Long-Term Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in Female Rats: Evidence Estrous Cycle May Have a Modulatory Effect.

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Contribution of Brain Processes to Tissue Loss After Spinal Cord Injury: Does a Pain-Induced Rise in Blood Pressure Fuel Hemorrhage?.

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PMID: 34975424 PMC: 8714654. DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.733056.

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