Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Potential Solution to Oxidative Stress Mediated Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Complications

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammation-mediated disorder having systematic complications. RA triggers a self-directed inflammatory and immunological cascade that culminates in joint destruction. Though a range of treatment options are available, none of them are without adverse effects and this has led researchers to search for alternative solutions. Nanomedicine has emerged as a powerful therapeutic alternative, and selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient trace element that has a crucial role in human health and disease. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) derived from biological sources, such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and proteins, have exhibited remarkable candidate properties and toxicological profiles, and hence have shown potential to be used as antirheumatic agents. The potential of SeNPs can be attributed to the effect of functional groups bound to them, concentration, and most importantly to their nano range size. The antirheumatic effect of SeNPs is considerable due to its potential in amelioration of oxidative stress-mediated inflammation via downregulation of radical and nonradical species, markers of inflammation, and upregulation of inherent antioxidant defenses. The size and concentration impact of SeNPs has been shown in the subsequent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, the article emphasizes the role of these biogenic SeNPs as a notable option in the nanomedicine arena that needs to be further studied as a prospective remedial alternative to cure RA and medication-related adverse events.