Co-Treatment of Purified Annatto Oil ( L.) and Its Granules (Chronic) Improves the Blood Lipid Profile and Bone Protective Effects of Testosterone in the Orchiectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Wistar Rats

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of co-treatment with purified annatto oil (PAO) or its granules (GRA, Chronic) with that of testosterone on the orchiectomy-induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats. After surgery, rats were treated from day 7 until day 45 with testosterone only (TES, 7 mg/kg, IM) or TES + PAO or GRA (200 mg/kg, p.o.). The following parameters were evaluated: food/water intake, weight, HDL, LDL, glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alkaline phosphatase levels, blood phosphorus and calcium contents, femur weight, structure (through scanning electron microscopy), and calcium content (through atomic absorption spectrophotometry). Our results show that orchiectomy could significantly change the blood lipid profile and decrease bone integrity parameters. Testosterone reposition alone could improve some endpoints, including LDL, TC, bone weight, and bone calcium concentration. However, other parameters were not significantly improved. Co-treatment with PAO or GRA improved the blood lipid profile and bone integrity more significantly and improved some endpoints not affected by testosterone reposition alone (such as TG levels and trabeculae sizes). The results suggest that co-treatment with annatto products improved the blood lipid profile and the anti-osteoporosis effects of testosterone. Overall, GRA had better results than PAO.

Citing Articles

The action of injectable nanodispersion of Bixa orellana (Chronic-in®) on arthritis in diabetic rats: pharmacological and histopathological studies.

Gomes L, de Oliveira Carvalho H, Lopes G, da Costa Furtado G, Goncalves D, Colares N Inflammopharmacology. 2025; .

PMID: 40067519 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-025-01703-3.

Effect of the Association of Fixed Oils from (L.) Moench, Martius, Linné and Chronic SM on Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats.

Sales P, do Nascimento A, Pinheiro F, Alberto A, Dos Santos A, de Oliveira Carvalho H Molecules. 2023; 28(18).

PMID: 37764465 PMC: 10534590. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186689.

Acute and Reproductive Toxicity Evaluation of Ormona SI and Ormona RC-Two New Nutraceuticals with Geranylgeraniol, Tocotrienols, Anthocyanins, and Isoflavones-In Adult Zebrafish.

da Rocha C, Flexa C, Custodio de Souza G, Pereira A, de Oliveira Carvalho H, do Nascimento A Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022; 15(11).

PMID: 36422566 PMC: 9692698. DOI: 10.3390/ph15111434.

Potential of the Compounds from Purified Annatto Oil and Its Granules (Chronic) against Dyslipidemia and Inflammatory Diseases: In Silico Studies with Geranylgeraniol and Tocotrienols.

Batista M, Dos Santos A, do Nascimento A, Moreira L, Souza I, da Silva H Molecules. 2022; 27(5).

PMID: 35268686 PMC: 8911567. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051584.

References

Nagarajan P, Arindkar S, Singh S, Majumdar S . Effect of long-term castration on serum biochemistry in rhesus monkeys. J Med Primatol. 2013; 42(3):132-6. DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12046. View

Palma M, Rocha G, Valadares Filho S, Detmann E . Evaluation of Acid Digestion Procedures to Estimate Mineral Contents in Materials from Animal Trials. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2015; 28(11):1624-8. PMC: 4647103. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0068. View

Qureshi A, Khan D, Silswal N, Saleem S, Qureshi N . Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, and Bioavailability of Higher Doses of Tocotrienols in Healthy Fed Humans. J Clin Exp Cardiolog. 2016; 7(4). PMC: 4968874. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000434. View

Chin K, Gengatharan D, Mohd Nasru F, Khairussam R, Ern S, Aminuddin S . The Effects of Annatto Tocotrienol on Bone Biomechanical Strength and Bone Calcium Content in an Animal Model of Osteoporosis Due to Testosterone Deficiency. Nutrients. 2016; 8(12). PMC: 5188463. DOI: 10.3390/nu8120808. View

Traish A . Testosterone and weight loss: the evidence. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014; 21(5):313-22. PMC: 4154787. DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000086. View

Wong S, Chin K, Suhaimi F, Ahmad F, Ima-Nirwana S . Exploring the potential of tocotrienol from Bixa orellana as a single agent targeting metabolic syndrome and bone loss. Bone. 2018; 116:8-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.003. View

Srivastava M, Deal C . Osteoporosis in elderly: prevention and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002; 18(3):529-55. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0690(02)00022-8. View

ZGLICZYNSKI S, Ossowski M, Slowinska-Srzednicka J, Brzezinska A, Zgliczynski W, Soszynski P . Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal and elderly men. Atherosclerosis. 1996; 121(1):35-43. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(95)05673-4. View

Riggs B, Khosla S, Melton 3rd L . A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13(5):763-73. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.5.763. View

10.

Mohamad N, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin K . Therapeutic potential of annatto tocotrienol with self-emulsifying drug delivery system in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 137:111368. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111368. View

11.

Ima-Nirwana S, Suhaniza S . Effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on body composition and bone calcium content in adrenalectomized rats replaced with dexamethasone. J Med Food. 2004; 7(1):45-51. DOI: 10.1089/109662004322984699. View

12.

Wong S, Chin K, Ima-Nirwana S . The Effects of Tocotrienol on Bone Peptides in a Rat Model of Osteoporosis Induced by Metabolic Syndrome: The Possible Communication between Bone Cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(18). PMC: 6765824. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183313. View

13.

Abdul-Majeed S, Mohamed N, Soelaiman I . Effects of tocotrienol and lovastatin combination on osteoblast and osteoclast activity in estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012:960742. PMC: 3425381. DOI: 10.1155/2012/960742. View

14.

Ho H, Shirakawa H, Giriwono P, Ito A, Komai M . A novel function of geranylgeraniol in regulating testosterone production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2018; 82(6):956-962. DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1415129. View

15.

Hiruma Y, Nakahama K, Fujita H, Morita I . Vitamin K2 and geranylgeraniol, its side chain component, inhibited osteoclast formation in a different manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004; 314(1):24-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.051. View

16.

Morote J, MHammed Y, Martinez E, Esquena S, Lorente J, Gelabert A . Increase of bone alkaline phosphatase after androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology. 2002; 59(2):277-80. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01518-7. View

17.

Szeszycki E . Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997; 21(4):241-2. DOI: 10.1177/0148607197021004241. View

18.

Pearce B, Parker R, Deason M, Qureshi A, Wright J . Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols. J Med Chem. 1992; 35(20):3595-606. DOI: 10.1021/jm00098a002. View

19.

Sengupta P . The Laboratory Rat: Relating Its Age With Human's. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(6):624-30. PMC: 3733029. View

20.

Zawacka M, Murawska D, Gesek M . The effect of age and castration on the growth rate, blood lipid profile, liver histology and feed conversion in Green-legged Partridge cockerels and capons. Animal. 2016; 11(6):1017-1026. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116002378. View