SCD14 Level in Saliva of Children and Adolescents with and Without Dental Caries, a Hurdle Model

Overview

Journal Children (Basel)

Specialty Health Services

Date 2021 Aug 27

PMID 34438570

Authors

Gaia Pellegrini

Marcello Maddalone

Matteo Malvezzi

Marilisa Toma

Massimo Del Fabbro

Elena Canciani

Claudia Dellavia

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent's saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay.

Materials And Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified.

Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated ( < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL).

Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays.

References

Bergandi L, Defabianis P, Re F, Preti G, Aldieri E, Garetto S . Absence of soluble CD14 in saliva of young patients with dental caries. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007; 115(2):93-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00437.x. View

Prakasam S, Srinivasan M . Evaluation of salivary biomarker profiles following non-surgical management of chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis. 2013; 20(2):171-7. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12085. View

Srinivasan M, Kodumudi K, Zunt S . Soluble CD14 and toll-like receptor-2 are potential salivary biomarkers for oral lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2007; 126(1):31-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.014. View

Bufler P, Stiegler G, Schuchmann M, Hess S, Kruger C, Stelter F . Soluble lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14) is released via two different mechanisms from human monocytes and CD14 transfectants. Eur J Immunol. 1995; 25(2):604-10. DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250244. View

Monte-Santo A, Viana S, Moreira K, Imparato J, Mendes F, Bonini G . Prevalence of early loss of primary molar and its impact in schoolchildren's quality of life. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28(6):595-601. DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12416. View

Gomez J . Detection and diagnosis of the early caries lesion. BMC Oral Health. 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S3. PMC: 4580848. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S3. View

Alexander S, Askari M, Lewis P . The premature loss of primary first molars: space loss to molar occlusal relationships and facial patterns. Angle Orthod. 2014; 85(2):218-23. PMC: 8631896. DOI: 10.2319/030714-160.1. View

Takayama A, Satoh A, Ngai T, Nishimura T, Ikawa K, Matsuyama T . Augmentation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans invasion of human oral epithelial cells and up-regulation of interleukin-8 production by saliva CD14. Infect Immun. 2003; 71(10):5598-604. PMC: 201103. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.10.5598-5604.2003. View

de Simone M, Danubio M, Amicone E, Verrotti A, Gruppioni G, Vecchi F . Age of onset of pubertal characteristics in boys aged 6-14 years of the Province of L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy). Ann Hum Biol. 2004; 31(4):488-93. DOI: 10.1080/03014460410001705013. View

10.

Phantumvanit P, Makino Y, Ogawa H, Rugg-Gunn A, Moynihan P, Petersen P . WHO Global Consultation on Public Health Intervention against Early Childhood Caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2018; 46(3):280-287. DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12362. View

11.

Borghi E, Massa V, Carmagnola D, Dellavia C, Parodi C, Ottaviano E . Saliva sampling for chasing SARS-CoV-2: A Game-changing strategy. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 165:105380. PMC: 7832951. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105380. View

12.

Hofstetter H, Dusseldorp E, Zeileis A, Schuller A . Modeling Caries Experience: Advantages of the Use of the Hurdle Model. Caries Res. 2016; 50(6):517-526. DOI: 10.1159/000448197. View

13.

Zanoni I, Granucci F . Role of CD14 in host protection against infections and in metabolism regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3:32. PMC: 3721004. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00032. View

14.

Dellavia C, Canciani E, Rasperini G, Pagni G, Malvezzi M, Pellegrini G . CEMP-1 Levels in Periodontal Wound Fluid during the Early Phase of Healing: Prospective Clinical Trial. Mediators Inflamm. 2019; 2019:1737306. PMC: 6409030. DOI: 10.1155/2019/1737306. View

15.

Rasperini G, Pellegrini G, Sugai J, Mauro C, Fiocchi S, Corvi Mora P . Effects of food supplements on periodontal status and local and systemic inflammation after nonoperative periodontal treatment. J Oral Sci. 2019; 61(2):213-220. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0048. View

16.

Correa-Faria P, Paixao-Goncalves S, Martins Paiva S, Pordeus I . Incidence of dental caries in primary dentition and risk factors: a longitudinal study. Braz Oral Res. 2016; 30(1). DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0059. View

17.

Ghazal T, Levy S, Childers N, Broffitt B, Cutter G, Wiener H . Prevalence and incidence of early childhood caries among African-American children in Alabama. J Public Health Dent. 2014; 75(1):42-8. PMC: 4355321. DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12069. View

18.

Alsadat F, El-Housseiny A, Alamoudi N, Elderwi D, Ainosa A, Dardeer F . Dental fear in primary school children and its relation to dental caries. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018; 21(11):1454-1460. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_160_18. View

19.

Kumar S, Tandon S, Nayak R, Saran R, Pentapati K . Relationship of salivary CD14 concentration with dental caries in young children. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017; 9(8):e958-e961. PMC: 5601111. DOI: 10.4317/jced.53796. View

20.

Wright J . The Burden and Management of Dental Caries in Older Children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018; 65(5):955-963. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2018.05.005. View