Long Noncoding RNAs As Emerging Regulators of COVID-19

Overview

Journal Front Immunol

Specialty Allergy & Immunology

Date 2021 Aug 19

PMID 34408749

Citations 27

Authors

Qinzhi Yang

Fang Lin

Yanan Wang

Min Zeng

Mao Luo

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has high incidence rates with rapid rate of transmission, is a pandemic that spread across the world, resulting in more than 3,000,000 deaths globally. Currently, several drugs have been used for the clinical treatment of COVID-19, such as antivirals (radecivir, baritinib), monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), and glucocorticoids (dexamethasone). Accumulating evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of virus infections and antiviral immune responses including biological processes that are involved in the regulation of COVID-19 and subsequent disease states. Upon viral infections, cellular lncRNAs directly regulate viral genes and influence viral replication and pathology through virus-mediated changes in the host transcriptome. Additionally, several host lncRNAs could help the occurrence of viral immune escape by inhibiting type I interferons (IFN-1), while others could up-regulate IFN-1 production to play an antiviral role. Consequently, understanding the expression and function of lncRNAs during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will provide insights into the development of lncRNA-based methods. In this review, we summarized the current findings of lncRNAs in the regulation of the strong inflammatory response, immune dysfunction and thrombosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, discussed the underlying mechanisms, and highlighted the therapeutic challenges of COVID-19 treatment and its future research directions.

Citing Articles

Transcriptomic profiles of monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to SARS-CoV-2 VOCs reveal immune-evasion escape driven by delta.

Gallo A, Sammartino J, Vazzana R, Giambruno R, Carcione C, Cuscino N J Transl Med. 2025; 23(1):151.

PMID: 39905461 PMC: 11796281. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-025-06158-2.

Principle, application and challenges of development siRNA-based therapeutics against bacterial and viral infections: a comprehensive review.

Motamedi H, Mahdizade Ari M, Alvandi A, Abiri R Front Microbiol. 2024; 15:1393646.

PMID: 38939184 PMC: 11208694. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393646.

LncRNAs expression profile in a family household cluster of COVID-19 patients.

Iancu I, Diaconu C, Plesa A, Fudulu A, Albulescu A, Neagu A J Cell Mol Med. 2024; 28(7):e18226.

PMID: 38501860 PMC: 10949602. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18226.

Stimulation of PSTPIP1 to trigger proinflammatory responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Ji R, Wu Y, Ye Y, Li Y, Li Y, Zhong G Heliyon. 2024; 10(5):e26886.

PMID: 38463809 PMC: 10920375. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26886.

Cell-specific housekeeping role of lncRNAs in COVID-19-infected and recovered patients.

Chattopadhyay P, Mehta P, Soni J, Tardalkar K, Joshi M, Pandey R NAR Genom Bioinform. 2024; 6(1):lqae023.

PMID: 38426128 PMC: 10903533. DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae023.

References

Wu Z, McGoogan J . Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020; 323(13):1239-1242. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648. View

Li H, Liu Z, Ge J . Scientific research progress of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 in the first five months. J Cell Mol Med. 2020; 24(12):6558-6570. PMC: 7264656. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15364. View

Li H, Shi H, Ma N, Zi P, Liu Q, Sun R . BML-111 alleviates acute lung injury through regulating the expression of lncRNA MALAT1. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018; 649:15-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.016. View

Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W . A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579(7798):270-273. PMC: 7095418. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. View

Liang Z, Ren C . RETRACTED: Emodin attenuates apoptosis and inflammation induced by LPS through up-regulating lncRNA TUG1 in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 103:897-902. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.085. View

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett K, Goldsmith J, Hsieh C, Abiona O . Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020; 367(6483):1260-1263. PMC: 7164637. DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2507. View

Schmitz S, Grote P, Herrmann B . Mechanisms of long noncoding RNA function in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016; 73(13):2491-509. PMC: 4894931. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2174-5. View

Aishwarya S, Gunasekaran K, Margret A . Computational gene expression profiling in the exploration of biomarkers, non-coding functional RNAs and drug perturbagens for COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020; 40(8):3681-3696. PMC: 7754930. DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1850360. View

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H . Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020; 395(10224):565-574. PMC: 7159086. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. View

10.

Long L, Wu L, Chen L, Zhou D, Wu H, Lu D . Effect of early oxygen therapy and antiviral treatment on disease progression in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study of medical charts in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(1):e0009051. PMC: 7815117. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009051. View

11.

Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D . Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020; 47(5):1275-1280. PMC: 7080117. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04735-9. View

12.

Klimek L, Novak N, Hamelmann E, Werfel T, Wagenmann M, Taube C . Severe allergic reactions after COVID-19 vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in Great Britain and USA: Position statement of the German Allergy Societies: Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), German Society for Allergology.... Allergo J Int. 2021; 30(2):51-55. PMC: 7903024. DOI: 10.1007/s40629-020-00160-4. View

13.

Shang W, Gao Y, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Yang R . The Pseudogene Promotes the Suppressive Function and Differentiation of Monocytic MDSCs. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019; 7(5):813-827. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0443. View

14.

Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro L, Djannatian M, Franz J, Kuivanen S . Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity. Science. 2020; 370(6518):856-860. PMC: 7857391. DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2985. View

15.

Qu D, Sun W, Li L, Ma L, Sun L, Jin X . Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 releases epigenetic silencing of HIV-1 replication by displacing the polycomb repressive complex 2 from binding to the LTR promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47(6):3013-3027. PMC: 6451131. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz117. View

16.

Huang K, Su I, Theron M, Wu Y, Lai S, Liu C . An interferon-gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol. 2004; 75(2):185-94. PMC: 7166886. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20255. View

17.

Upton J, Chan F . Staying alive: cell death in antiviral immunity. Mol Cell. 2014; 54(2):273-80. PMC: 4010939. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.027. View

18.

Ho J, Moyes D, Tavassoli M, Naglik J . The Role of ErbB Receptors in Infection. Trends Microbiol. 2017; 25(11):942-952. PMC: 7126822. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.009. View

19.

Chen F, Chen J, Yang L, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y . Extracellular vesicle-packaged HIF-1α-stabilizing lncRNA from tumour-associated macrophages regulates aerobic glycolysis of breast cancer cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2019; 21(4):498-510. DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0299-0. View

20.

Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C . Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4):420-422. PMC: 7164771. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X. View