Customized-3D Zirconia Barriers for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR): Clinical and Histological Findings from a Proof-of-concept Case Series

Objectives: The aim of this case series was to evaluate, clinically and histologically, customized-3D zirconia barriers manufactured for guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures.

Methods: Seven healthy consecutive patients with severe bone atrophy (two of them with a bilateral atrophy) were selected for a GBR procedure with a zirconia barrier. In a 3D software (DentalCad, Exocad GmbH, Germany), a virtual bone graft was designed and a shell was designed covering the graft; a standard tessellation language (.STL) file was obtained and milled (M1, Zirkonzahn, Italy) using a 1200 MPa zirconia (Prettau, Zirkonzahn, Italy). Nine GBR surgeries (8 upper-posterior jaw, 1 lower-posterior jaw) were performed using autogenous bone chips mixed with xenograft (SmartBone, IBI-SA, Switzerland / BioOss, Geistlich, Switzerland) covered with a zirconia barrier, fixed by means of screws. After healing, implant sites were prepared with a trephine bur, collecting a bone biopsy, and dental implants were inserted (Neodent, Straumann Group, Switzerland). Specimens were histologically analyzed.

Results: Eight successful surgeries were recorded; one zirconia barrier got exposed after one month of healing but no signs of infection were present till the barrier was removed. In all cases it was possible to insert implants with no additional bone augmentation procedures. Histological evaluations showed the presence of intense deposition of new bone.

Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present case series, the tested customized-3D zirconia barriers confirmed good clinical and histological performances, and, even in case of premature exposure, did not show signs of infection. Preliminary results suggest they are effective for GBR procedures. Further research is necessary with a larger sample size.

Clinical Significance: The presented barriers could be a viable alternative to titanium-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene membranes and customized meshes.