Antibody Responsiveness to Influenza: What Drives It?

Overview

Journal Viruses

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2021 Aug 10

PMID 34372607

Citations 5

Authors

Xia Lin

Fangmei Lin

Tingting Liang

Mariette F Ducatez

Mark Zanin

Sook-San Wong

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The induction of a specific antibody response has long been accepted as a serological hallmark of recent infection or antigen exposure. Much of our understanding of the influenza antibody response has been derived from studying antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, growing evidence points to limitations associated with this approach. In this review, we aim to highlight the issue of antibody non-responsiveness after influenza virus infection and vaccination. We will then provide an overview of the major factors known to influence antibody responsiveness to influenza after infection and vaccination. We discuss the biological factors such as age, sex, influence of prior immunity, genetics, and some chronic infections that may affect the induction of influenza antibody responses. We also discuss the technical factors, such as assay choices, strain variations, and viral properties that may influence the sensitivity of the assays used to measure influenza antibodies. Understanding these factors will hopefully provide a more comprehensive picture of what influenza immunogenicity and protection means, which will be important in our effort to improve influenza vaccines.

Citing Articles

Evaluation of Safety, Immunogenicity and Cross-Reactive Immunity of OVX836, a Nucleoprotein-Based Universal Influenza Vaccine, in Older Adults.

Jacobs B, Leroux-Roels I, Bruhwyler J, Groth N, Waerlop G, Janssens Y Vaccines (Basel). 2025; 12(12.

PMID: 39772052 PMC: 11728545. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121391.

Immune Response Against Influenza in a Cohort of Repeatedly Vaccinated Adults During the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 Seasons.

Guiomar R, Pereira da Silva S, Rodrigues A, Costa I, Conde P, Cristovao P Vaccines (Basel). 2024; 12(11).

PMID: 39591121 PMC: 11598577. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12111218.

Interferon as an immunoadjuvant to enhance antibodies following influenza B infection and vaccination in ferrets.

Rowe T, Fletcher A, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Hatta Y, Jasso G NPJ Vaccines. 2024; 9(1):199.

PMID: 39448628 PMC: 11502657. DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00973-2.

Distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses up to 18 months post-infection using nucleocapsid protein and receptor-binding domain antibodies.

Jarlhelt I, Perez-Alos L, Bayarri-Olmos R, Hansen C, Petersen M, Weihe P Microbiol Spectr. 2023; :e0179623.

PMID: 37738355 PMC: 10580960. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01796-23.

Special Issue-Immunity to Influenza Viruses.

Koutsakos M, Valkenburg S Viruses. 2022; 14(2).

PMID: 35215910 PMC: 8880793. DOI: 10.3390/v14020319.

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