Current and Future Pathotyping Platforms for in Canada

Overview

Journal Plants (Basel)

Date 2021 Aug 10

PMID 34371649

Citations 4

Authors

Heather H Tso

Leonardo Galindo-Gonzalez

Stephen E Strelkov

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Clubroot, caused by , is one of the most detrimental threats to crucifers worldwide and has emerged as an important disease of canola () in Canada. At present, pathotypes are distinguished phenotypically by their virulence patterns on host differential sets, including the systems of Williams, Somé et al., the European Clubroot Differential set, and most recently the Canadian Clubroot Differential set and the Sinitic Clubroot Differential set. Although these are frequently used because of their simplicity of application, they are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and can lack sensitivity. Early, preventative pathotype detection is imperative to maximize productivity and promote sustainable crop production. The decreased turnaround time and increased sensitivity and specificity of genotypic pathotyping will be valuable for the development of integrated clubroot management plans, and interest in molecular techniques to complement phenotypic methods is increasing. This review provides a synopsis of current and future molecular pathotyping platforms for and aims to provide information on techniques that may be most suitable for the development of rapid, reliable, and cost-effective pathotyping assays.

Citing Articles

Comprehensive review of : pathogenesis, pathotype diversity, and integrated control methods.

Xu X, Wu C, Zhang F, Yao J, Fan L, Liu Z Front Microbiol. 2025; 16:1531393.

PMID: 39980695 PMC: 11840573. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531393.

Pathotyping Systems and Pathotypes of -Navigating toward the Optimal Classification.

Zamani-Noor N, Jedryczka M Pathogens. 2024; 13(4).

PMID: 38668268 PMC: 11053400. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040313.

Identification of Clubroot () Resistance Loci in Chinese Cabbage ( ssp. ) with Recessive Character.

Zhang H, Liu X, Zhou J, Strelkov S, Fredua-Agyeman R, Zhang S Genes (Basel). 2024; 15(3).

PMID: 38540333 PMC: 10970103. DOI: 10.3390/genes15030274.

The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update.

Javed M, Schwelm A, Zamani-Noor N, Salih R, Vano M, Wu J Mol Plant Pathol. 2022; 24(2):89-106.

PMID: 36448235 PMC: 9831288. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13283.

Protocol: rhPCR and SNaPshot assays to distinguish Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype clusters.

Tso H, Galindo-Gonzalez L, Locke T, Strelkov S Plant Methods. 2022; 18(1):91.

PMID: 35780127 PMC: 9250251. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00923-w.

References

Harding M, Hill T, Yang Y, Daniels G, Hwang S, Strelkov S . An Improved Evans Blue Staining Method for Consistent, Accurate Assessment of Resting Spore Viability. Plant Dis. 2019; 103(9):2330-2336. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0855-RE. View

Jones S, Baizan-Edge A, MacFarlane S, Torrance L . Viral Diagnostics in Plants Using Next Generation Sequencing: Computational Analysis in Practice. Front Plant Sci. 2017; 8:1770. PMC: 5662881. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01770. View

Head S, Komori H, LaMere S, Whisenant T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Salomon D . Library construction for next-generation sequencing: overviews and challenges. Biotechniques. 2014; 56(2):61-4, 66, 68, passim. PMC: 4351865. DOI: 10.2144/000114133. View

Balme-Sinibaldi V, Tribodet M, Croizat F, Lefeuvre P, Kerlan C, Jacquot E . Improvement of Potato virus Y (PVY) detection and quantitation using PVY(N)- and PVY(O)-specific real-time RT-PCR assays. J Virol Methods. 2006; 134(1-2):261-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.019. View

Sharma K, Gossen B, McDonald M . Effect of temperature on cortical infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot severity. Phytopathology. 2011; 101(12):1424-32. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-11-0124. View

Tedersoo L, Drenkhan R, Anslan S, Morales-Rodriguez C, Cleary M . High-throughput identification and diagnostics of pathogens and pests: Overview and practical recommendations. Mol Ecol Resour. 2018; 19(1):47-76. PMC: 7379260. DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12959. View

Verdin E, Wipf-Scheibel C, Gognalons P, Aller F, Jacquemond M, Tepfer M . Sequencing viral siRNAs to identify previously undescribed viruses and viroids in a panel of ornamental plant samples structured as a matrix of pools. Virus Res. 2017; 241:19-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.019. View

Sundelin T, Christensen C, Larsen J, Moller K, Lubeck M, Bodker L . In Planta Quantification of Plasmodiophora brassicae Using Signature Fatty Acids and Real-Time PCR. Plant Dis. 2019; 94(4):432-438. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0432. View

Fu H, Yang Y, Mishra V, Zhou Q, Zuzak K, Feindel D . Most Populations in Single Canola Root Galls from Alberta Fields are Mixtures of Multiple Strains. Plant Dis. 2019; 104(1):116-120. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-06-19-1235-RE. View

10.

Geisen S, Laros I, Vizcaino A, Bonkowski M, de Groot G . Not all are free-living: high-throughput DNA metabarcoding reveals a diverse community of protists parasitizing soil metazoa. Mol Ecol. 2015; 24(17):4556-69. DOI: 10.1111/mec.13238. View

11.

Holtz M, Hwang S, Strelkov S . Genotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae reveals the presence of distinct populations. BMC Genomics. 2018; 19(1):254. PMC: 5902848. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4658-1. View

12.

Zhang H, Feng J, Manolii V, Strelkov S, Hwang S . Characterization of a Gene Identified in Pathotype 5 of the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Phytopathology. 2015; 105(6):764-70. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-10-14-0270-R. View

13.

Yang Y, Zuzak K, Harding M, Strelkov S, Hwang S, Feindel D . DNA Sequence Dimorphisms in Populations of the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Dis. 2018; 102(9):1703-1707. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0225-RE. View

14.

McAllister C, Fortier C, St Onge K, Sacchi B, Nawrot M, Locke T . A novel application of RNase H2-dependent quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of Grosmannia clavigera, a mountain pine beetle fungal symbiont, in environmental samples. Tree Physiol. 2018; 38(3):485-501. PMC: 5982843. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx147. View

15.

Banchi E, Ametrano C, Stankovic D, Verardo P, Moretti O, Gabrielli F . DNA metabarcoding uncovers fungal diversity of mixed airborne samples in Italy. PLoS One. 2018; 13(3):e0194489. PMC: 5860773. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194489. View

16.

Al-Daoud F, Gossen B, Robson J, McDonald M . Propidium Monoazide Improves Quantification of Resting Spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae with qPCR. Plant Dis. 2019; 101(3):442-447. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0715-RE. View

17.

Pang W, Liang Y, Zhan Z, Li X, Piao Z . Development of a Sinitic Clubroot Differential Set for the Pathotype Classification of . Front Plant Sci. 2020; 11:568771. PMC: 7488845. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568771. View

18.

Kreuze J, Perez A, Untiveros M, Quispe D, Fuentes S, Barker I . Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses. Virology. 2009; 388(1):1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.024. View

19.

Cao T, Tewari J, Strelkov S . Molecular Detection of Plasmodiophora brassicae, Causal Agent of Clubroot of Crucifers, in Plant and Soil. Plant Dis. 2019; 91(1):80-87. DOI: 10.1094/PD-91-0080. View

20.

Rolland M, Glais L, Kerlan C, Jacquot E . A multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms interrogation assay for reliable Potato virus Y group and variant characterization. J Virol Methods. 2007; 147(1):108-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.08.022. View