Symptom Burden Is Associated with Increased Emergency Department Utilization Among Patients with Cirrhosis

Patients with cirrhosis have significant morbidity and mortality, as well as substantial symptom burden. We investigated the relationship between symptom burden and inpatient health care utilization among patients with cirrhosis. Adult patients with cirrhosis being evaluated for or awaiting liver transplantation at an academic institution in the United States completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), a validated symptom evaluation tool with total scores ranging from 0 to 90. The outcomes of interest were emergency department (ED) visits, nonelective hospitalizations, hospital days, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and 30-day readmissions within 6 months. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used to examine the relationship between ESAS scores and outcomes. Of 233 patients (43% female, median age 61), the median total ESAS score was 16 (interquartile range 6-30). Higher total scores on the ESAS were associated with increased ED visits, hospitalizations, hospital days, and ICU days (all  < 0.04). After adjusting for age, gender, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium, ESAS total score remained an independent predictor of ED visits (IRR 1.05, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00-1.10,  = 0.03). Multivariate ESAS subscale analyses revealed that the physical symptom score was associated with ED visits (IRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16,  = 0.01), but the psychological symptom score was not (IRR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.08,  = 0.15). Patient-reported symptoms, particularly physical symptoms, are independently associated with ED visits among patients with cirrhosis being considered for liver transplantation. Further research is needed to examine whether addressing symptoms more aggressively, such as with palliative care co-management, could decrease ED utilization in this population.