Changing Trends in the Prevalence of Childhood Asthma over 40 Years in Greece

Background: A series of repeated questionnaire surveys among 8- to 9-year-old school children in the city of Patras, Greece, demonstrated a continuous rise in the prevalence of wheeze/asthma from 1978 to 2003, with a plateau between 2003 and 2008. We further investigated wheeze/asthma trends within the same environment over the last decade.

Methods: Two follow-up surveys were conducted in 2013 (N = 2554) and 2018 (N = 2648). Physician-diagnosed wheeze and asthma were analyzed in relation to their occurrence (recent-onset: within the last 2 years; noncurrent: before 2 years; persistent: both prior and within the last 2 years). In 2018, spirometry was also performed in participants reporting symptoms and in a sample of healthy controls.

Results: The prevalence of current wheeze/asthma declined from 6.9% in 2008% to 5.2% in 2013% and 4.3% in 2018. The persistent and noncurrent wheeze/asthma groups followed this overall trend (P-for-trend <0.001), while the prevalence of recent-onset wheeze/asthma remained unchanged (P-for-trend >0.05). Persistent and noncurrent wheezers were also more frequently diagnosed with asthma, in contrast to those with recent-onset wheeze. The FEV z-score was less than -1 in 32.1% of children with recent-onset and in 22.4% of those with persistent wheeze/asthma; both rates were higher than those of the Noncurrent wheeze/asthma group (7.1%; p < .05) and of healthy controls (3.5%; p < .001).

Conclusions: The prevalence of childhood wheeze/asthma has declined significantly during the last decade in Greece. The reversing trend may in part be attributed to changing asthma perceptions among physicians and/or parents, especially in the case of younger children with troublesome respiratory symptoms.