Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels Between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia

Overview

Journal Int J Environ Res Public Health

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Environmental Health
Public Health

Date 2021 Jul 2

PMID 34205433

Authors

Dian Mardhiyah

Wan Nedra Komaruddin

Fasli Nedra Jalal

Sri Wuryanti

Syukrini Bahri

Qomariah Qomariah

Insan Sosiawan

Himmi Marsiati

Legiono Legiono

Harliansyah Hanif

Susan Woskie

Pornpimol Kongtip

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disruptors. This cross-sectional study measured serum samples for levels of thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) among Indonesian female farmers ( = 127) and non-farmers ( = 127). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors including work characteristics and frequency, and the use of home and agricultural pesticides. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the clinical categories of thyroid levels between farmers and non-farmers except for FT3 and T4. However, in multivariable regression controlling for confounders, FT3 and T4 were significantly higher for farmers compared to non-farmers. In addition, 32% of farmers had clinically low iodine levels and 49% of non-farmers had clinically high iodine levels. We conclude that pesticide exposure may not be as important as iodine intake in explaining these findings. We recommend counseling by health workers about the importance of using iodized salt for farmers and counseling about high iodine foods that need to be avoided for non-farmers.

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