The Role of Coronavirus RNA-Processing Enzymes in Innate Immune Evasion

Overview

Journal Life (Basel)

Specialty Biology

Date 2021 Jul 2

PMID 34204549

Citations 10

Authors

Georgia Mandilara

Marianna A Koutsi

Marios Agelopoulos

Georgios Sourvinos

Apostolos Beloukas

Theodoros Rampias

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Viral RNA sensing triggers innate antiviral responses in humans by stimulating signaling pathways that include crucial antiviral genes such as interferon. RNA viruses have evolved strategies to inhibit or escape these mechanisms. Coronaviruses use multiple enzymes to synthesize, modify, and process their genomic RNA and sub-genomic RNAs. These include Nsp15 and Nsp16, whose respective roles in RNA capping and dsRNA degradation play a crucial role in coronavirus escape from immune surveillance. Evolutionary studies on coronaviruses demonstrate that genome expansion in Nidoviruses was promoted by the emergence of Nsp14-ExoN activity and led to the acquisition of Nsp15- and Nsp16-RNA-processing activities. In this review, we discuss the main RNA-sensing mechanisms in humans as well as recent structural, functional, and evolutionary insights into coronavirus Nsp15 and Nsp16 with a view to potential antiviral strategies.

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