Post-Effort Changes in Autophagy- and Inflammation-Related Gene Expression in White Blood Cells of Healthy Young Men

Overview

Journal Cells

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Biochemistry
Biophysics
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Date 2021 Jul 2

PMID 34204085

Authors

Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak

Alicja Trzeciak-Ryczek

Pawel Wityk

Danuta Cembrowska-Lech

Robert Nowak

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Acute, strenuous physical exertion requiring high levels of energy production induces the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolic disturbances that can damage the mitochondria. Thus, selective autophagic elimination of defective mitochondria may improve resistance to oxidative stress and potentially to inflammation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impacts of intense effort on changes in the expression of select genes related to post-effort inflammation and autophagy. Thirty-five men aged 16-21 years were recruited to the study. The impacts of both aerobic (endurance) and anaerobic (speed) efforts on selected genes encoding chemokines (, ) were analyzed. Significant increases in the expression of all studied genes excluding were observed. Moreover, both types of effort induced an increase in the expression of genes encoding IL-2, -4, -6, -10, IFN-γ and TNF-α, excluding IL-17A. Generally, these efforts caused a significant increase in the relative expression of apoptosis- ( and ) and autophagy- (, , , , , , and ) related genes. It seems that the duration of physical activity and its bioenergetic cost has an important impact on the degree of increase in expression of this panel of autophagy-related genes. Anaerobic effort is more strenuous than aerobic effort and requires a higher bioenergetic investment. This may explain the stronger impact of anaerobic effort on the expression of the studied genes. This observation seems to support the protective role of autophagy proposed in prior studies.

References

Franklin T, Xu C, Duman R . Depression and sterile inflammation: Essential role of danger associated molecular patterns. Brain Behav Immun. 2017; 72:2-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.025. View

Idorn M, Straten P . Chemokine Receptors and Exercise to Tackle the Inadequacy of T Cell Homing to the Tumor Site. Cells. 2018; 7(8). PMC: 6115859. DOI: 10.3390/cells7080108. View

Ravikumar B, Berger Z, Vacher C, OKane C, Rubinsztein D . Rapamycin pre-treatment protects against apoptosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2006; 15(7):1209-16. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl036. View

Hsieh Y, Athar M, Chaudry I . When apoptosis meets autophagy: deciding cell fate after trauma and sepsis. Trends Mol Med. 2009; 15(3):129-38. PMC: 2814429. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.002. View

Benczik M, Gaffen S . The interleukin (IL)-2 family cytokines: survival and proliferation signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. Immunol Invest. 2004; 33(2):109-42. DOI: 10.1081/imm-120030732. View

Klionsky D, Abdel-Aziz A, Abdelfatah S, Abdellatif M, Abdoli A, Abel S . Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition). Autophagy. 2021; 17(1):1-382. PMC: 7996087. DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280. View

Zhang Z, Chen Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Hu X, Yin S . Associations of genetic polymorphisms in pTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway genes with cancer risk: A meta-analysis in Asian population. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):17844. PMC: 5736732. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17250-z. View

Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Oshitani-Okamoto S, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T . LC3, GABARAP and GATE16 localize to autophagosomal membrane depending on form-II formation. J Cell Sci. 2004; 117(Pt 13):2805-12. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01131. View

Mgrditchian T, Arakelian T, Paggetti J, Noman M, Viry E, Moussay E . Targeting autophagy inhibits melanoma growth by enhancing NK cells infiltration in a CCL5-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017; 114(44):E9271-E9279. PMC: 5676879. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703921114. View

10.

Nedachi T, Hatakeyama H, Kono T, Sato M, Kanzaki M . Characterization of contraction-inducible CXC chemokines and their roles in C2C12 myocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 297(4):E866-78. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00104.2009. View

11.

Sanchez A, Bernardi H, Py G, Candau R . Autophagy is essential to support skeletal muscle plasticity in response to endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014; 307(8):R956-69. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2014. View

12.

Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Nowak R . Analysis of selected T cell subsets in peripheral blood after exhaustive effort among elite soccer players. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2018; 28(3):030707. PMC: 6214701. DOI: 10.11613/BM.2018.030707. View

13.

Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J . Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2005; 10:75-90. View

14.

Zhang X, Ding L, Sandford A . Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in human neutrophils by real-time PCR. BMC Mol Biol. 2005; 6:4. PMC: 551605. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-6-4. View

15.

Nowak R, Kostrzewa-Nowak D . Assessment of Selected Exercise-induced CD3 Cell Subsets and Cell Death Parameters Among Soccer Players. J Med Biochem. 2019; 38(4):437-444. PMC: 6708294. DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0013. View

16.

Chaouachi A, Manzi V, Wong D, Chaalali A, Laurencelle L, Chamari K . Intermittent endurance and repeated sprint ability in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(10):2663-9. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e347f4. View

17.

Raeber M, Zurbuchen Y, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O . The role of cytokines in T-cell memory in health and disease. Immunol Rev. 2018; 283(1):176-193. DOI: 10.1111/imr.12644. View

18.

Halling J, Ringholm S, Nielsen M, Overby P, Pilegaard H . PGC-1α promotes exercise-induced autophagy in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. 2016; 4(3). PMC: 4758928. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12698. View

19.

Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J . Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem J. 2011; 441(2):523-40. PMC: 3258656. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20111451. View

20.

Metsios G, Flouris A, Koutedakis Y, Nevill A . Criterion-related validity and test-retest reliability of the 20m square shuttle test. J Sci Med Sport. 2007; 11(2):214-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.120. View