Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection

Overview

Journal Pathogens

Date 2021 Jul 2

PMID 34198884

Citations 1

Authors

Susanna Samoilowa

Kim S Giessler

Carlos E Medina Torres

Gisela Soboll Hussey

Allison Allum

Robert Fux

Christin Jerke

Matti Kiupel

Kaspar Matiasek

Dodd G Sledge

Lutz S Goehring

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses worldwide. As member of the , latency is key to EHV-1 epidemiology. EHV-1 latent infection has been detected in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), respiratory associated lymphoid tissue (RALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but additional locations are likely. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of viral DNA throughout the equine body. Twenty-five horses divided into three groups were experimentally infected via intranasal instillation with one of three EHV-1 viruses and euthanized on Day 70, post infection. During necropsy, TG, various sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, RALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC of each horse were collected. Genomic viral loads and L-(late) gene transcriptional activity in each tissue and PBMC were measured using qPCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied on neural parenchyma tissue sections. EHV-1 DNA was detected in many neural and lymphoid tissue sections, but not in PBMC. L-gene transcriptional activity was not detected in any sample, and translational activity was not apparent on IHC. Tissue tropism differed between the Ab4 wild type and the two mutant viruses.

Citing Articles

Prevalence of Latent Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 in Submandibular Lymph Nodes of Horses in Virginia.

Saklou N, Pleasant S, Lahmers K, Funk R Pathogens. 2023; 12(6).

PMID: 37375503 PMC: 10301069. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060813.

References

Brockmeier S, Lager K, Mengeling W . Comparison of in vivo reactivation, in vitro reactivation, and polymerase chain reaction for detection of latent pseudorabies virus infection in swine. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993; 5(4):505-9. DOI: 10.1177/104063879300500401. View

Baxi M, Efstathiou S, Lawrence G, Whalley J, Slater J, FIELD H . The detection of latency-associated transcripts of equine herpesvirus 1 in ganglionic neurons. J Gen Virol. 1995; 76 ( Pt 12):3113-8. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-12-3113. View

Hussey S, Clark R, Lunn K, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley J . Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006; 18(4):335-42. DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800403. View

Abdelgawad A, Damiani A, Ho S, Strauss G, Szentiks C, East M . Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections. Viruses. 2016; 8(9). PMC: 5035975. DOI: 10.3390/v8090262. View

Smith K, Borchers K . A study of the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ hybridization. J Comp Pathol. 2002; 125(4):304-10. DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0513. View

Gilden D, Gesser R, Smith J, Wellish M, LaGuardia J, Cohrs R . Presence of VZV and HSV-1 DNA in human nodose and celiac ganglia. Virus Genes. 2001; 23(2):145-7. DOI: 10.1023/a:1011883919058. View

Townsend W, Jacobi S, Tai S, Kiupel M, Wise A, Maes R . Ocular and neural distribution of feline herpesvirus-1 during active and latent experimental infection in cats. BMC Vet Res. 2013; 9:185. PMC: 4016492. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-185. View

Kennedy P, Grinfeld E, Gow J . Latent varicella-zoster virus is located predominantly in neurons in human trigeminal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95(8):4658-62. PMC: 22546. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4658. View

Slater J, Borchers K, Thackray A, FIELD H . The trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse. J Gen Virol. 1994; 75 ( Pt 8):2007-16. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-2007. View

10.

Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson W . Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 in trigeminal ganglia and submandibular lymph nodes of equids examined postmortem. Vet Rec. 2010; 167(10):376-8. DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3748. View

11.

Parzefall B, Schmahl W, Fischer A, Blutke A, Truyen U, Matiasek K . Evidence of feline herpesvirus-1 DNA in the vestibular ganglion of domestic cats. Vet J. 2009; 184(3):371-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.030. View

12.

Holz C, Nelli R, Wilson M, Zarski L, Azab W, Baumgardner R . Viral genes and cellular markers associated with neurological complications during herpesvirus infections. J Gen Virol. 2017; 98(6):1439-1454. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000773. View

13.

Holz C, Sledge D, Kiupel M, Nelli R, Goehring L, Soboll Hussey G . Histopathologic Findings Following Experimental Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection of Horses. Front Vet Sci. 2019; 6:59. PMC: 6409500. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00059. View

14.

Depledge D, Sadaoka T, Ouwendijk W . Molecular Aspects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency. Viruses. 2018; 10(7). PMC: 6070824. DOI: 10.3390/v10070349. View

15.

Quintana A, Landolt G, Annis K, Soboll Hussey G . Immunological characterization of the equine airway epithelium and of a primary equine airway epithelial cell culture model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011; 140(3-4):226-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.12.008. View

16.

Breathnach C, Yeargan M, Timoney J, Allen G . Detection of equine herpesvirus-specific effector and memory cytotoxic immunity in the equine upper respiratory tract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006; 111(1-2):117-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.014. View

17.

Pusterla N, Wilson W, Conrad P, Barr B, Ferraro G, Daft B . Cytokine gene signatures in neural tissue of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis or equine herpes type 1 myeloencephalopathy. Vet Rec. 2006; 159(11):341-6. DOI: 10.1136/vr.159.11.341. View

18.

Perez S, Inman M, Doster A, Jones C . Latency-related gene encoded by bovine herpesvirus 1 promotes virus growth and reactivation from latency in tonsils of infected calves. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43(1):393-401. PMC: 540132. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.1.393-401.2005. View

19.

Chesters P, Allsop R, Purewal A, Edington N . Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 1997; 71(5):3437-43. PMC: 191489. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.71.5.3437-3443.1997. View

20.

Giessler K, Samoilowa S, Soboll Hussey G, Kiupel M, Matiasek K, Sledge D . Viral Load and Cell Tropism During Early Latent Equid Herpesvirus 1 Infection Differ Over Time in Lymphoid and Neural Tissue Samples From Experimentally Infected Horses. Front Vet Sci. 2020; 7:621. PMC: 7499125. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00621. View