Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors Are Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Stiffness and Ventricular Function in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension

Disturbed balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their respective tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) is a well-recognized pathophysiological component of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Both classes of proteinases have been associated with clinical outcomes as well as with specific pathological features of ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary arterial remodeling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the circulating levels of MMPs and TIMPs in children with PAH undergoing the same-day cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and right heart catheterization. Children with PAH ( = 21) underwent a same-day catheterization, comprehensive cardiac MRI evaluation, and blood sample collection for proteomic analysis. Correlative analysis was performed between protein levels and ) standard PAH indices from catheterization, ) cardiac MRI hemodynamics, and ) pulmonary arterial stiffness. MMP-8 was significantly associated with the right ventricular end-diastolic volume ( = 0.45, = 0.04). MMP-9 levels were significantly associated with stroke volume ( = -0.49, = 0.03) and pulmonary vascular resistance ( = 0.49, = 0.03). MMP-9 was further associated with main pulmonary arterial stiffness evaluated by relative area change ( = -0.79, < 0.01).TIMP-2 and TIMP-4 levels were further associated with the right pulmonary artery pulse wave velocity ( = 0.51, = 0.03) and backward compression wave ( = 0.52, = 0.02), respectively. MMPs and TIMPs warrant further clinically prognostic evaluation in conjunction with the conventional cardiac MRI hemodynamic indices. Metalloproteinases have been associated with clinical outcomes in pulmonary hypertension and with specific pathological features of ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary arterial remodeling. In this study, we demonstrated that plasma circulating levels of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are associated with standard cardiac MRI hemodynamic indices and with the markers of proximal pulmonary arterial stiffness. Particularly, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 were associated with several different markers of pulmonary arterial stiffness. These findings suggest the interplay between the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and overall hemodynamic status in children with PAH might be assessed using the peripheral circulating MMP and TIMP levels.