Quercetin-3--glucuronide in the Ethanol Extract of Lotus Leaf () Enhances Sleep Quantity and Quality in a Rodent Model Via a GABAergic Mechanism

Current pharmacological treatments for insomnia carry several and long-term side effects. Therefore, natural products without side effects are warranted. In this study, the sleep-promoting activity of the lotus leaf () extract was assessed using ICR mice and Sprague Dawley rats. A pentobarbital-induced sleep test and electroencephalogram analysis were conducted to measure sleep latency time, duration, and sleep architecture. The action mechanism of the extract was evaluated through ligand binding experiments. A high dose (300 mg/kg) of the ethanolic lotus leaf extract significantly increased sleep duration compared to the normal group ( < 0.01). Administration of low (150 mg/kg) and high doses (300 mg/kg) of the extract significantly increased sleep quality, especially the relative power of theta waves ( < 0.05), compared to the normal group. Furthermore, caffeine and lotus leaf extract administration significantly recovered caffeine-induced sleep disruption ( < 0.001), and the sleep quality was similar to that of the normal group. Additionally, ligand binding assay using [H]-flumazenil revealed that quercetin-3glucuronide contained in the lotus leaf extract (77.27 μg/mg of extract) enhanced sleep by binding to GABA receptors. Collectively, these results indicated that the lotus leaf extract, particularly quercetin-3--glucuronide, exhibits sleep quantity- and quality-enhancing activity via the GABAergic pathway.