Complement Proteins As Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses

Overview

Journal Viruses

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2021 Jun 2

PMID 34063241

Citations 10

Authors

Valarmathy Murugaiah

Praveen M Varghese

Nazar Beirag

Syreeta De Cordova

Robert B Sim

Uday Kishore

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.

Citing Articles

Complement activity and autophagy are dysregulated in the lungs of patients with nonresolvable COVID-19 requiring lung transplantation.

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Candidiasis: Insights into Virulence Factors, Complement Evasion and Antifungal Drug Resistance.

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The Interactions of the Complement System with Human Cytomegalovirus.

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Diverse Functions of C4b-Binding Protein in Health and Disease.

Werner L, Criss A J Immunol. 2023; 211(10):1443-1449.

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Modelling and analysis of the complement system signalling pathways: roles of C3, C5a and pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Murad D, Paracha R, Saeed M, Ahmad J, Mushtaq A, Humayun M PeerJ. 2023; 11:e15794.

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