A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard

Overview

Journal Molecules

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biology

Date 2021 Apr 30

PMID 33924603

Citations 3

Authors

Malgorzata Kucharska

Barbara Frydrych

Wiktor Wesolowski

Jadwiga A Szymanska

Anna Kilanowicz

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested "sandalwood" oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of . In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing oil and two samples containing oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.

Citing Articles

A Review of Botanical Extracts with Repellent and Insecticidal Activity and Their Suitability for Managing Mosquito-Borne Disease Risk in Mexico.

Corzo-Gomez J, Espinosa-Juarez J, Ovando-Zambrano J, Briones-Aranda A, Cruz-Salomon A, Esquinca-Aviles H Pathogens. 2024; 13(9).

PMID: 39338928 PMC: 11435231. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090737.

Biological Properties of Sandalwood Oil and Microbial Synthesis of Its Major Sesquiterpenoids.

Yan X, David S, Du G, Li W, Liang D, Nie S Biomolecules. 2024; 14(8).

PMID: 39199359 PMC: 11352278. DOI: 10.3390/biom14080971.

Evaluation of larvicidal enhanced activity of sandalwood oil via nano-emulsion against and .

Bosly H Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022; 29(12):103455.

PMID: 36187454 PMC: 9523098. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103455.

References

Misra B, Dey S . Comparative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of in vitro and in vivo extracts from East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.). Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012; 55(6):476-86. DOI: 10.1111/lam.12005. View

Ortiz C, Morales L, Sastre M, Haskins W, Matta J . Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Assessment of Sandalwood Essential Oil in Human Breast Cell Lines MCF-7 and MCF-10A. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016; 2016:3696232. PMC: 4879231. DOI: 10.1155/2016/3696232. View

Steinemann A . Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2016; 9(8):861-866. PMC: 5093181. DOI: 10.1007/s11869-016-0442-z. View

Kacaniova M, Terentjeva M, Stefanikova J, Ziarovska J, Savitskaya T, Grinshpan D . Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against spp. Isolated from Human Semen. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9(11). PMC: 7693587. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110765. View

Dodson R, Nishioka M, Standley L, Perovich L, Brody J, Rudel R . Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120(7):935-43. PMC: 3404651. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104052. View

Moy R, Levenson C, So J, Rock J . Single-center, open-label study of a proprietary topical 0.5% salicylic acid-based treatment regimen containing sandalwood oil in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013; 11(12):1403-8. View

Sciarrone D, Costa R, Ragonese C, Tranchida P, Tedone L, Santi L . Application of a multidimensional gas chromatography system with simultaneous mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection to the analysis of sandalwood oil. J Chromatogr A. 2010; 1218(1):137-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.117. View

Kucharska M, Szymanska J, Wesolowski W, Frydrych B, Bruchajzer E . [Analysis of volatile ingredients of selected essential oils listing relaxing action]. Med Pr. 2019; 70(2):229-247. DOI: 10.13075/mp.5893.00784. View

Moy R, Levenson C . Sandalwood Album Oil as a Botanical Therapeutic in Dermatology. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018; 10(10):34-39. PMC: 5749697. View

10.

Farrar A, Farrar F . Clinical Aromatherapy. Nurs Clin North Am. 2020; 55(4):489-504. PMC: 7520654. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015. View

11.

Winkelman W . Aromatherapy, botanicals, and essential oils in acne. Clin Dermatol. 2018; 36(3):299-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.004. View

12.

Bommareddy A, Brozena S, Steigerwalt J, Landis T, Hughes S, Mabry E . Medicinal properties of alpha-santalol, a naturally occurring constituent of sandalwood oil: review. Nat Prod Res. 2017; 33(4):527-543. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1399387. View

13.

Dickinson S, Olson E, Levenson C, Janda J, Rusche J, Alberts D . A novel chemopreventive mechanism for a traditional medicine: East Indian sandalwood oil induces autophagy and cell death in proliferating keratinocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2014; 558:143-52. PMC: 4172370. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.021. View

14.

Benencia F, Courreges M . Antiviral activity of sandalwood oil against herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2. Phytomedicine. 1999; 6(2):119-23. DOI: 10.1016/S0944-7113(99)80046-4. View

15.

Panto S, Sciarrone D, Maimone M, Ragonese C, Giofre S, Donato P . Performance evaluation of a versatile multidimensional chromatographic preparative system based on three-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-two-dimensional gas chromatography for the collection of volatile constituents. J Chromatogr A. 2015; 1417:96-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.039. View

16.

Howes M, Simmonds M, Kite G . Evaluation of the quality of sandalwood essential oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1028(2):307-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.093. View

17.

Shellie R, Marriott P, Morrison P . Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection: qualitative and quantitative analysis of West Australian sandalwood oil. J Chromatogr Sci. 2004; 42(8):417-22. DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/42.8.417. View

18.

Johnson W, Bergfeld W, Belsito D, Hill R, Klaassen C, Liebler D . Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid and its Salts, and Benzyl Benzoate. Int J Toxicol. 2017; 36(3_suppl):5S-30S. DOI: 10.1177/1091581817728996. View

19.

Pick H, Etter S, Baud O, Schmauder R, Bordoli L, Schwede T . Dual activities of odorants on olfactory and nuclear hormone receptors. J Biol Chem. 2009; 284(44):30547-55. PMC: 2781609. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.040964. View

20.

Burdock G, Carabin I . Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 46(2):421-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092. View