Imaging of Bladder Cancer: Standard Applications and Future Trends

Overview

Journal Medicina (Kaunas)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2021 Apr 3

PMID 33804350

Citations 16

Authors

Rasha Taha Abouelkheir

Abdalla Abdelhamid

Mohamed Abou El-Ghar

Tarek El-Diasty

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The evolution in imaging has had an increasing role in the diagnosis, staging and follow up of bladder cancer. Conventional cystoscopy is crucial in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. However, a cystoscopic procedure cannot always depict carcinoma in situ (CIS) or differentiate benign from malignant tumors prior to biopsy. This review will discuss the standard application, novel imaging modalities and their additive role in patients with bladder cancer. Staging can be performed with CT, but distinguishing between T1 and T2 BCa (bladder cancer) cannot be assessed. MRI can distinguish muscle-invasive from non-muscle-invasive tumors with accurate local staging. Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) score is a new diagnostic modality used for the prediction of tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic response. Bone scintigraphy is recommended in patients with muscle-invasive BCa with suspected bony metastases. CT shows low sensitivity for nodal staging; however, PET (Positron Emission Tomography)/CT is superior and highly recommended for restaging and determining therapeutic effect. PET/MRI is a new imaging technique in bladder cancer imaging and its role is promising. Texture analysis has shown significant steps in discriminating low-grade from high-grade bladder cancer. Radiomics could be a reliable method for quantitative assessment of the muscle invasion of bladder cancer.

Citing Articles

Diagnostic value of dual-layer spectral detector CT parameters for differentiating high- from low-grade bladder cancer.

Chen L, Xu L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Bai X, Peng Q Insights Imaging. 2025; 16(1):6.

PMID: 39747754 PMC: 11695557. DOI: 10.1186/s13244-024-01881-8.

Cystitis glandularis: MR imaging characteristics in 27 patients.

Ma Y, Xu H, Xu W, Ning X, Liu H, Chen Y Jpn J Radiol. 2024; 43(3):483-491.

PMID: 39436504 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-024-01680-7.

Mathematical model of MMC chemotherapy for non-invasive bladder cancer treatment.

Yosef M, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S Front Oncol. 2024; 14:1352065.

PMID: 38884094 PMC: 11176538. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1352065.

Topographic modification of the extracellular matrix precedes the onset of bladder cancer.

Venegoni C, Pederzoli F, Locatelli I, Alchera E, Martinez-Vidal L, Coste A Matrix Biol Plus. 2024; 23:100154.

PMID: 38882394 PMC: 11179621. DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2024.100154.

SMMF: a self-attention-based multi-parametric MRI feature fusion framework for the diagnosis of bladder cancer grading.

Tao T, Chen Y, Shang Y, He J, Hao J Front Oncol. 2024; 14:1337186.

PMID: 38515574 PMC: 10955083. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1337186.

References

Cherbanyk F, Prodhomme M, Pezzetta E, Chevaux B, Anaye A, Boillat J . Urothelial Carcinoma Recurrence in an Ileal Neobladder Nine Years after Primary Surgery with Muir-Torre Syndrome. Case Rep Urol. 2016; 2016:4762514. PMC: 4829704. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4762514. View

Schmidt G, Reiser M, Baur-Melnyk A . Whole-body imaging of the musculoskeletal system: the value of MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2007; 36(12):1109-19. PMC: 2042033. DOI: 10.1007/s00256-007-0323-5. View

El-Assmy A, Abou-El-Ghar M, Refaie H, Mosbah A, El-Diasty T . Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up of superficial urinary bladder carcinoma after transurethral resection: initial experience. BJU Int. 2012; 110(11 Pt B):E622-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11345.x. View

Wagner B, Nesslauer T, Bartsch Jr G, Hautmann R, Gottfried H . Staging bladder carcinoma by three-dimensional ultrasound rendering. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005; 31(3):301-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.12.017. View

El Gehani K, Al-Kikhia L, Mansuri N, Syrjanen K, Al-Fituri O, Elzagheid A . Angiogenesis in urinary bladder carcinoma as defined by microvessel density (MVD) after immunohistochemical staining for Factor VIII and CD31. Libyan J Med. 2011; 6. PMC: 3081871. DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v6i0.6016. View

Rozenberg R, Thornhill R, Flood T, Hakim S, Lim C, Schieda N . Whole-Tumor Quantitative Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram and Texture Analysis to Predict Gleason Score Upgrading in Intermediate-Risk 3 + 4 = 7 Prostate Cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016; 206(4):775-82. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.15.15462. View

Spiess P, Agarwal N, Bangs R, Boorjian S, Buyyounouski M, Clark P . Bladder Cancer, Version 5.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017; 15(10):1240-1267. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.0156. View

Kirkali Z, Chan T, Manoharan M, Algaba F, Busch C, Cheng L . Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology. 2006; 66(6 Suppl 1):4-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.062. View

Padhani A, Koh D, Collins D . Whole-body diffusion-weighted MR imaging in cancer: current status and research directions. Radiology. 2011; 261(3):700-18. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11110474. View

10.

Turkbey B, Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Bernardo M, Choyke P . Imaging of tumor angiogenesis: functional or targeted?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193(2):304-13. PMC: 3523171. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.09.2869. View

11.

Luo C, Huang B, Wu Y, Chen J, Chen L . Use of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) for detecting the muscle invasion of bladder cancer: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2020; 30(8):4606-4614. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06802-z. View

12.

Takeuchi M, Sasaki S, Ito M, Okada S, Takahashi S, Kawai T . Urinary bladder cancer: diffusion-weighted MR imaging--accuracy for diagnosing T stage and estimating histologic grade. Radiology. 2009; 251(1):112-21. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2511080873. View

13.

Nguyen H, Mortazavi A, Pohar K, Zynger D, Wei L, Shah Z . Quantitative Assessment of Heterogeneity in Bladder Tumor MRI Diffusivity: Can Response be Predicted Prior to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy?. Bladder Cancer. 2017; 3(4):237-244. PMC: 5676757. DOI: 10.3233/BLC-170110. View

14.

Babjuk M, Bohle A, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comperat E . EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2016; 71(3):447-461. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041. View

15.

Sherif A, Jonsson M, Wiklund N . Treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007; 7(9):1279-83. DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.9.1279. View

16.

Yu J, Kim K, Lee H, Lee Y, Yoon C, Kim M . Urachal remnant diseases: spectrum of CT and US findings. Radiographics. 2001; 21(2):451-61. DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr02451. View

17.

Thoeny H, Froehlich J, Triantafyllou M, Huesler J, Bains L, Vermathen P . Metastases in normal-sized pelvic lymph nodes: detection with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2014; 273(1):125-35. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132921. View

18.

Jo Semins M, Schoenberg M . A case of florid cystitis glandularis. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2007; 4(6):341-5. DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0814. View

19.

Sevcenco S, Ponhold L, Heinz-Peer G, Fajkovic H, Haitel A, Susani M . Prospective evaluation of diffusion-weighted MRI of the bladder as a biomarker for prediction of bladder cancer aggressiveness. Urol Oncol. 2014; 32(8):1166-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.04.019. View

20.

Matta E, Kenney A, Barre G, Vanlangendonck Jr R . Best cases from the AFIP: intradiverticular bladder carcinoma. Radiographics. 2005; 25(5):1397-403. DOI: 10.1148/rg.255045205. View