Does "AI" Stand for Augmenting Inequality in the Era of Covid-19 Healthcare?

Overview

Journal BMJ

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2021 Mar 16

PMID 33722847

Citations 55

Authors

David Leslie

Anjali Mazumder

Aidan Peppin

Maria K Wolters

Alexa Hagerty

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Citing Articles

Examining inclusivity: the use of AI and diverse populations in health and social care: a systematic review.

Marko J, Neagu C, Anand P BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2025; 25(1):57.

PMID: 39910518 PMC: 11796235. DOI: 10.1186/s12911-025-02884-1.

The Permissibility of Biased AI in a Biased World: An Ethical Analysis of AI for Screening and Referrals for Diabetic Retinopathy in Singapore.

Muyskens K, Ballantyne A, Savulescu J, Nasir H, Muralidharan A Asian Bioeth Rev. 2025; 17(1):167-185.

PMID: 39896078 PMC: 11785882. DOI: 10.1007/s41649-024-00315-3.

Sex-Based Bias in Artificial Intelligence-Based Segmentation Models in Clinical Oncology.

Doo F, Naranjo W, Kapouranis T, Thor M, Chao M, Yang X Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2025; 39:103758.

PMID: 39874747 PMC: 11850178. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2025.103758.

Using Large Language Models to Retrieve Critical Data from Clinical Processes and Business Rules.

Yu Y, Gomez-Cabello C, Makarova S, Parte Y, Borna S, Haider S Bioengineering (Basel). 2025; 12(1).

PMID: 39851291 PMC: 11762383. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12010017.

Utilization of Oral Healthcare Among Uninsured Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

Singer E, Panahi S, Spearman B, Kamimura A Cureus. 2025; 16(12):e75609.

PMID: 39803110 PMC: 11724738. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.75609.

References

van Ryn M, Burke J . The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians' perceptions of patients. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 50(6):813-28. DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00338-x. View

Rajkomar A, Hardt M, Howell M, Corrado G, Chin M . Ensuring Fairness in Machine Learning to Advance Health Equity. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169(12):866-872. PMC: 6594166. DOI: 10.7326/M18-1990. View

Van Bavel J, Baicker K, Boggio P, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M . Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav. 2020; 4(5):460-471. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z. View

Wang J, Abu-El-Rub N, Gray J, Pham H, Zhou Y, Manion F . COVID-19 SignSym: a fast adaptation of a general clinical NLP tool to identify and normalize COVID-19 signs and symptoms to OMOP common data model. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021; 28(6):1275-1283. PMC: 7989301. DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab015. View

Bailey Z, Krieger N, Agenor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett M . Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017; 389(10077):1453-1463. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X. View

Cockerham W, Hamby B, Oates G . The Social Determinants of Chronic Disease. Am J Prev Med. 2016; 52(1S1):S5-S12. PMC: 5328595. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.010. View

Chowkwanyun M, Reed Jr A . Racial Health Disparities and Covid-19 - Caution and Context. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(3):201-203. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2012910. View

Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins G, Riley R, Heinze G, Schuit E . Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ. 2020; 369:m1328. PMC: 7222643. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1328. View

Popejoy A, Ritter D, Crooks K, Currey E, Fullerton S, Hindorff L . The clinical imperative for inclusivity: Race, ethnicity, and ancestry (REA) in genomics. Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(11):1713-1720. PMC: 6188707. DOI: 10.1002/humu.23644. View

10.

Lopez-Jimenez F, Attia Z, Arruda-Olson A, Carter R, Chareonthaitawee P, Jouni H . Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology: Present and Future. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95(5):1015-1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.01.038. View

11.

van der Schaar M, Alaa A, Floto A, Gimson A, Scholtes S, Wood A . How artificial intelligence and machine learning can help healthcare systems respond to COVID-19. Mach Learn. 2020; 110(1):1-14. PMC: 7725494. DOI: 10.1007/s10994-020-05928-x. View

12.

Singh K, Valley T, Tang S, Li B, Kamran F, Sjoding M . Evaluating a Widely Implemented Proprietary Deterioration Index Model among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020; 18(7):1129-1137. PMC: 8328366. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202006-698OC. View

13.

Fallin-Bennett K . Implicit bias against sexual minorities in medicine: cycles of professional influence and the role of the hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 2015; 90(5):549-52. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000662. View

14.

Bickler P, Feiner J, Severinghaus J . Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. Anesthesiology. 2005; 102(4):715-9. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200504000-00004. View

15.

Quinn S, Kumar S . Health inequalities and infectious disease epidemics: a challenge for global health security. Biosecur Bioterror. 2014; 12(5):263-73. PMC: 4170985. DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2014.0032. View

16.

Roosli E, Rice B, Hernandez-Boussard T . Bias at warp speed: how AI may contribute to the disparities gap in the time of COVID-19. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020; 28(1):190-192. PMC: 7454645. DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa210. View

17.

Ghassemi M, Naumann T, Schulam P, Beam A, Chen I, Ranganath R . A Review of Challenges and Opportunities in Machine Learning for Health. AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc. 2020; 2020:191-200. PMC: 7233077. View

18.

Afzal N, Mallipeddi V, Sohn S, Liu H, Chaudhry R, Scott C . Natural language processing of clinical notes for identification of critical limb ischemia. Int J Med Inform. 2018; 111:83-89. PMC: 5808583. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2017.12.024. View

19.

Manrai A, Funke B, Rehm H, S Olesen M, Maron B, Szolovits P . Genetic Misdiagnoses and the Potential for Health Disparities. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(7):655-65. PMC: 5292722. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1507092. View

20.

Islam M, Inan T, Rafi S, Akter S, Sarker I, Islam A . A Systematic Review on the Use of AI and ML for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. IEEE Trans Artif Intell. 2022; 1(3):258-270. PMC: 8545030. DOI: 10.1109/TAI.2021.3062771. View