Entry, Egress and Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Overview

Journal J Mol Cell Biol

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialty Molecular Biology

Date 2021 Mar 7

PMID 33677567

Citations 8

Authors

Hui Zhang

Hong Zhang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The high infectivity and pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused the COVID-19 outbreak, one of the most devastating pandemics in more than a century. This pandemic has already left a trail of destruction, including enormous loss of life, a global economic slump, and widespread psychological damage. Despite assiduous world-wide endeavors, an effective cure for COVID-19 is still lacking. Surprisingly, infected neonates and children have relatively mild clinical manifestations and a much lower fatality rate than elderly adults. Recent studies have unambiguously demonstrated the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected pregnant women to fetuses, which creates yet another challenge for disease prevention. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanism for entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, the basis for the failure of the lungs and other organs in severe acute cases, and the evidence for congenital transmission.

Citing Articles

Evaluation of the lymphocyte population and placental inflammation in pregnant patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 forms - a secondary analysis.

Tanase A, Mogos R, Mogos S, Bran S, Gisca T, Solomon-Condriuc I Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2024; 65(3):493-498.

PMID: 39529342 PMC: 11657370. DOI: 10.47162/RJME.65.3.11.

COVID-19 Therapeutics and Considerations for Pregnancy.

Joseph N, Collier A Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2023; 50(1):163-182.

PMID: 36822701 PMC: 9584862. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2022.10.018.

Evaluation of Safety Concerns for COVID-19 Immunization of Pregnant Women: a Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence.

Krishna H, Motwani R, Kumari C, Sahni C, Anant M, Kulandhasamy M Maedica (Bucur). 2023; 17(4):963-984.

PMID: 36818252 PMC: 9923056. DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.4.963.

SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants: Unmasking Structure, Function, Infection, and Immune Escape Mechanisms.

Li J, Jia H, Tian M, Wu N, Yang X, Qi J Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022; 12:869832.

PMID: 35646741 PMC: 9134119. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.869832.

The life cycle and enigmatic egress of coronaviruses.

Prydz K, Saraste J Mol Microbiol. 2022; 117(6):1308-1316.

PMID: 35434857 PMC: 9321882. DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14907.

References

Ho C, Oligbu P, Ojubolamo O, Pervaiz M, Oligbu G . Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19. AIMS Public Health. 2020; 7(2):258-273. PMC: 7327402. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020022. View

Kabeerdoss J, Pilania R, Karkhele R, Kumar T, Danda D, Singh S . Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int. 2020; 41(1):19-32. PMC: 7680080. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04749-4. View

Zamaniyan M, Ebadi A, Aghajanpoor S, Rahmani Z, Haghshenas M, Azizi S . Preterm delivery, maternal death, and vertical transmission in a pregnant woman with COVID-19 infection. Prenat Diagn. 2020; 40(13):1759-1761. PMC: 7264605. DOI: 10.1002/pd.5713. View

Knoops K, Kikkert M, van den Worm S, Zevenhoven-Dobbe J, van der Meer Y, Koster A . SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol. 2008; 6(9):e226. PMC: 2535663. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226. View

Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T . Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 94:317-325. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091. View

Ovali F . SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Newborn. Front Pediatr. 2020; 8:294. PMC: 7256185. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00294. View

Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li Y, Qu J . SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(17):1663-1665. PMC: 7121177. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073. View

Deretic V, Saitoh T, Akira S . Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13(10):722-37. PMC: 5340150. DOI: 10.1038/nri3532. View

Li R, Yin T, Fang F, Li Q, Chen J, Wang Y . Potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproductive health. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020; 41(1):89-95. PMC: 7192111. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.018. View

10.

Vivanti A, Vauloup-Fellous C, Prevot S, Zupan V, Suffee C, Do Cao J . Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1):3572. PMC: 7360599. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17436-6. View

11.

Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A . Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 117(21):11727-11734. PMC: 7260975. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003138117. View

12.

Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker J, Glaunsinger B . The molecular virology of coronaviruses. J Biol Chem. 2020; 295(37):12910-12934. PMC: 7489918. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930. View

13.

Ghosh R, Dubey M, Chatterjee S, Dubey S . Impact of COVID -19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr. 2020; 72(3):226-235. DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9. View

14.

Lukassen S, Chua R, Trefzer T, Kahn N, Schneider M, Muley T . SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J. 2020; 39(10):e105114. PMC: 7232010. DOI: 10.15252/embj.20105114. View

15.

Boehm M, Nabel E . Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2--a new cardiac regulator. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(22):1795-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcibr022472. View

16.

Schwartz D . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women With COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020; 144(7):799-805. DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA. View

17.

Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B . A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005; 11(8):875-9. PMC: 7095783. DOI: 10.1038/nm1267. View

18.

Fenizia C, Biasin M, Cetin I, Vergani P, Mileto D, Spinillo A . Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1):5128. PMC: 7552412. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18933-4. View

19.

Li M, Chen L, Zhang J, Xiong C, Li X . The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression of maternal-fetal interface and fetal organs by single-cell transcriptome study. PLoS One. 2020; 15(4):e0230295. PMC: 7161957. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230295. View

20.

Chan J, Yuan S, Kok K, To K, Chu H, Yang J . A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):514-523. PMC: 7159286. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. View