Differential Assessment of Fluid Compartments by Bioimpedance in Pediatric Patients with Kidney Diseases

Background: The kidney is central for maintaining water balance. As a corollary, patients with impaired kidney function are prone to pathological fluid volumes. Total body water (TBW) is distributed between the extracellular (ECW) and intracellular fluid compartments (ICW). In clinical practice, the judgment of hydration status does not allow to distinguish between ECW and ICW. Here, we evaluate the hydration status in children with chronic kidney disease by analyzing TBW, ECW, and ICW.

Methods: Hydration was quantified using whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy (BCM) in 128 outpatients (1-25 years, 52 girls). Forty-two were transplanted (TPL), 43 suffered from chronic kidney disease without kidney replacement therapy (CKD), 21 were on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 22 on hemodialysis (HD). HD patients were investigated before, after, and sequentially during dialysis.

Results: The ECW and ICW values obtained by BCM were of the same magnitude as those from the literature using isotope dilution. When compared with a healthy control group, TBW was increased in 9 TPL, 9 CKD, 1 PD, and 11 HD patients before but in none after dialysis. The decline of overhydration during dialysis (p < 0.001, n = 22) correlated with the change in body weight (R = 0.62). The kinetics of fluid compartment changes assessed twice in six HD patients revealed a reproducible linear decay of the ECW/ICW ratio due to an increase of ICW and a decrease of ECW.

Conclusion: BCM quantifies TBW and acute changes of ECW and ICW in children with chronic kidney failure. The clinical utility of measuring TBW, ECW, and ICW should be defined in the future.