Effect of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution Including Bicarbonate Ion Ad Libitum Ingestion on Urine Bicarbonate Retention During Mountain Trekking: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study

Overview

Journal Int J Environ Res Public Health

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Environmental Health
Public Health

Date 2021 Feb 9

PMID 33557035

Authors

Masahiro Horiuchi

Tatsuya Hasegawa

Hiroshi Nose

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

We investigated whether bicarbonate ion (HCO) in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE+HCO) ingested during climbing to 3000 m on Mount Fuji could increase urine HCO retention. This study was a randomized, controlled pilot study. Sixteen healthy lowlander adults were divided into two groups (six males and two females for each): a tap water (TW) group (0 kcal with no energy) and a CE+HCO3 group. The allocation to TW or CE+HCO3 was double blind. The CE solution contains 10 kcal energy, including Na (115 mg), K (78 mg), HCO (51 mg) per 100 mL. After collecting baseline urine and measuring body weight, participants started climbing while energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR) were recorded every min with a portable calorimeter. After reaching a hut at approximately 3000 m, we collected urine and measured body weight again. The HCO balance during climbing, measured by subtracting the amount of urine excreted from the amount of fluid ingested, was -0.37 ± 0.77 mmol in the CE+HCO3, which was significantly higher than in the TW (-2.23 ± 0.96 mmol, < 0.001). These results indicate that CE containing HCO supplementation may increase the bicarbonate buffering system during mountain trekking up to ~3000 m, suggesting a useful solution, at least, in the population of the present study on Mount Fuji.

References

Hansen J, STELTER G, Vogel J . Arterial pyruvate, lactate, pH, and PCO2 during work at sea level and high altitude. J Appl Physiol. 1967; 23(4):523-30. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.4.523. View

Zouboules S, Lafave H, OHalloran K, Brutsaert T, Nysten H, Nysten C . Renal reactivity: acid-base compensation during incremental ascent to high altitude. J Physiol. 2018; 596(24):6191-6203. PMC: 6292812. DOI: 10.1113/JP276973. View

Liu Y, Zhang J, Gao X, Wu X, Yu J, Chen J . Correlation between blood pressure changes and AMS, sleeping quality and exercise upon high-altitude exposure in young Chinese men. Mil Med Res. 2015; 1:19. PMC: 4340834. DOI: 10.1186/2054-9369-1-19. View

Loeppky J, Icenogle M, Maes D, Riboni K, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Roach R . Early fluid retention and severe acute mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004; 98(2):591-7. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00527.2004. View

Moriguchi T, Tomoda A, Ichimura S, Odagiri Y, Inoue S, Nagasawa T . Significance of post-exercise increment of urinary bicarbonate and pH in subjects loaded with submaximal cycling exercise. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004; 202(3):203-11. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.202.203. View

Heibel A, Perim P, Oliveira L, McNaughton L, Saunders B . Time to Optimize Supplementation: Modifying Factors Influencing the Individual Responses to Extracellular Buffering Agents. Front Nutr. 2018; 5:35. PMC: 5951986. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00035. View

Allen D, Lamb G, Westerblad H . Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2008; 88(1):287-332. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2007. View

Kenefick R, Mahood N, Mattern C, Kertzer R, Quinn T . Hypohydration adversely affects lactate threshold in endurance athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2002; 16(1):38-43. View

Deb S, Gough L, Sparks S, McNaughton L . Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves severe-intensity intermittent exercise under moderate acute hypoxic conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018; 118(3):607-615. PMC: 5805802. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3801-7. View

10.

Fulco C, Kambis K, Friedlander A, Rock P, Muza S, Cymerman A . Carbohydrate supplementation improves time-trial cycle performance during energy deficit at 4,300-m altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005; 99(3):867-76. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00019.2005. View

11.

PITTS R, AYER J, SCHIESS W, Miner P . THE RENAL REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE IN MAN. III. THE REABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF BICARBONATE. J Clin Invest. 1949; 28(1):35-44. PMC: 439572. DOI: 10.1172/JCI102050. View

12.

Mairer K, Wille M, Bucher T, Burtscher M . Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in the Eastern Alps. High Alt Med Biol. 2009; 10(3):239-45. DOI: 10.1089/ham.2008.1091. View

13.

Tanaka H, Monahan K, Seals D . Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37(1):153-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8. View

14.

Horiuchi M, Endo J, Dobashi S, Kiuchi M, Koyama K, Subudhi A . Effect of progressive normobaric hypoxia on dynamic cerebral autoregulation. Exp Physiol. 2016; 101(10):1276-1284. DOI: 10.1113/EP085789. View

15.

Hackett P, Rennie D, Hofmeister S, GROVER R, Grover E, Reeves J . Fluid retention and relative hypoventilation in acute mountain sickness. Respiration. 1982; 43(5):321-9. DOI: 10.1159/000194501. View

16.

Enoka R, Duchateau J . Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. J Physiol. 2007; 586(1):11-23. PMC: 2375565. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477. View

17.

Sumi D, Kojima C, Goto K . Impact of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Muscle Damage, Inflammatory and Performance Responses. J Strength Cond Res. 2017; 32(4):1053-1062. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001911. View

18.

Gough L, Deb S, Brown D, Sparks S, McNaughton L . The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on cycling performance and acid base balance recovery in acute normobaric hypoxia. J Sports Sci. 2019; 37(13):1464-1471. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1568173. View

19.

Shimizu M, Miyagawa K, Iwashita S, Noda T, Hamada K, Genno H . Energy expenditure during 2-day trail walking in the mountains (2,857 m) and the effects of amino acid supplementation in older men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 112(3):1077-86. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2057-2. View

20.

Nielsen H, Hein L, Svendsen L, Secher N, Quistorff B . Bicarbonate attenuates intracellular acidosis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002; 46(5):579-84. DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460516.x. View