Cognitive Performance in Early-Onset Schizophrenia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study

Overview

Journal Front Psychol

Date 2021 Feb 1

PMID 33519613

Citations 10

Authors

Merete G Oie

Kjetil Sundet

Elisabeth Haug

Pal Zeiner

Ole Klungsoyr

Bjorn R Rund

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are early- onset neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive deficits. The current study represents the first attempt to compare these groups on a comprehensive cognitive test battery in a longitudinal design over 25 years in order to enhance our knowledge of particular patterns resulting from the interaction between normal maturational processes and different illness processes of these disorders. In the baseline study, 19 adolescents with schizophrenia were compared to 20 adolescents with ADHD and 30 healthy controls (HC), all between 12 and 18 years of age. After 13 years (T2) and after 25 years (T3) they were re-evaluated with the cognitive test battery. A cognitive Composite Score was used in a linear mixed model. The EOS group had a significant cognitive stagnation or deterioration from T1 to T2 compared to HC. However, the EOS group had the most positive change from T2 to T3, supporting a stable level of cognitive performance over the 25 year span. The ADHD group improved or had similar development as the HC group from T1 to T2. They continued to improve significantly compared to the HC group from T2 to T3. Individuals in the EOS group performed more impaired on the cognitive composite score compared to the HC group and the ADHD group at all three time points. Results might indicate a neurodevelopmental pathway of EOS with subnormal cognitive development specific in adolescence. In comparison, the ADHD group had a more consistent cognitive maturation supporting a maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD.

Citing Articles

Iowa Gambling Task performance in individuals with schizophrenia: the role of general versus specific cognitive abilities.

Orm S, Oie M, Haugen I Front Psychiatry. 2024; 15:1454276.

PMID: 39720440 PMC: 11666511. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1454276.

Longitudinal Predictors of Adaptive Functioning in Emerging Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Fossum I, Oie M, Orm S, Andersen P, Skogli E Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2024; 53(2):137-149.

PMID: 39546111 PMC: 11845402. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01265-y.

A Narrative Review Exploring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Patients with Early Psychosis.

Toba-Oluboka T, Dempster K Brain Sci. 2024; 14(3).

PMID: 38539580 PMC: 10967920. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14030190.

Motion and Form Perception in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.

Keri S, Kelemen O Pediatr Rep. 2024; 16(1):88-99.

PMID: 38251318 PMC: 10801474. DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16010009.

Study of Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Control Attentional Networks in Bilingual and Monolingual Primary School Children: The Role of Socioeconomic Status.

Federico F, Mellone M, Volpi F, Orsolini M Brain Sci. 2023; 13(6).

PMID: 37371426 PMC: 10296538. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060948.

References

Torgalsboen A, Fu S, Czajkowski N . Resilience trajectories to full recovery in first-episode schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2018; 52:54-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.04.007. View

Hugdahl K, Andersson L . The "forced-attention paradigm" in dichotic listening to CV-syllables: a comparison between adults and children. Cortex. 1986; 22(3):417-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(86)80005-3. View

Nielsen R, Levander S, Kjaersdam Telleus G, Jensen S, Ostergaard Christensen T, Leucht S . Second-generation antipsychotic effect on cognition in patients with schizophrenia--a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015; 131(3):185-96. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12374. View

Biederman J, Petty C, Woodworth K, Lomedico A, Hyder L, Faraone S . Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 73(7):941-50. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.11m07529. View

van Lieshout M, Luman M, Schweren L, Twisk J, Faraone S, Heslenfeld D . The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018; 47(3):405-419. PMC: 6397140. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0449-z. View

Keefe R, Harvey P . Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012; (213):11-37. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2. View

Goddings A, Burnett Heyes S, Bird G, Viner R, Blakemore S . The relationship between puberty and social emotion processing. Dev Sci. 2012; 15(6):801-11. PMC: 3795450. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01174.x. View

Hegelstad W, Larsen T, Auestad B, Evensen J, Haahr U, Joa I . Long-term follow-up of the TIPS early detection in psychosis study: effects on 10-year outcome. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(4):374-80. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030459. View

Donohoe G, Corvin A, Robertson I . Are the cognitive deficits associated with impaired insight in schizophrenia specific to executive task performance?. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005; 193(12):803-8. DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000190587.01950.72. View

10.

Upthegrove R, Marwaha S, Birchwood M . Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence, or Trans-diagnostic Issue?. Schizophr Bull. 2016; 43(2):240-244. PMC: 5605248. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw097. View

11.

Biederman J, Petty C, Ball S, Fried R, Doyle A, Cohen D . Are cognitive deficits in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder related to the course of the disorder? A prospective controlled follow-up study of grown up boys with persistent and remitting course. Psychiatry Res. 2009; 170(2-3):177-82. PMC: 2787767. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.010. View

12.

Rund B, Barder H, Evensen J, Haahr U, Hegelstad W, Joa I . Neurocognition and Duration of Psychosis: A 10-year Follow-up of First-Episode Patients. Schizophr Bull. 2015; 42(1):87-95. PMC: 4681546. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv083. View

13.

Oltmanns T, Neale J . Schizophrenic performance when distractors are present: attentional deficit or differential task difficulty?. J Abnorm Psychol. 1975; 84(3):205-9. DOI: 10.1037/h0076721. View

14.

Jaaskelainen E, Juola P, Hirvonen N, McGrath J, Saha S, Isohanni M . A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012; 39(6):1296-306. PMC: 3796077. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs130. View

15.

Lally J, Ajnakina O, Stubbs B, Cullinane M, Murphy K, Gaughran F . Remission and recovery from first-episode psychosis in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcome studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2017; 211(6):350-358. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.201475. View

16.

Biederman J, Petty C, Fried R, Fontanella J, Doyle A, Seidman L . Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(10):1730-8. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1730. View

17.

van Haren N, Van Dam D, Stellato R . Change in IQ in schizophrenia patients and their siblings: a controlled longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2019; 49(15):2573-2581. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291718003537. View

18.

Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch J, Greenstein D . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104(49):19649-54. PMC: 2148343. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707741104. View

19.

Kimura D . Right temporal-lobe damage. Perception of unfamiliar stimuli after damage. Arch Neurol. 1963; 8:264-71. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1963.00460030048004. View

20.

van Lieshout M, Luman M, Buitelaar J, Rommelse N, Oosterlaan J . Does neurocognitive functioning predict future or persistence of ADHD? A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013; 33(4):539-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.02.003. View