Image-guided Study of Swine Anatomy As a Tool for Urologic Surgery Research and Training

Overview

Journal Acta Cir Bras

Specialty General Surgery

Date 2021 Jan 27

PMID 33503221

Citations 2

Authors

Jacob Hindrik Antunes Smit

Eduardo Piotto Leonardi

Rosa Helena de Figueiredo Chaves

Ismari Perini Furlaneto

Cezar Massoud Salame da Silva

Simone DE Campos Vieira Abib

Adenauer Marinho de Oliveira Goes Junior

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To describe the anatomy of the swine urinary system using computed tomography and to discuss the role of this animal as an experimental model for urological procedures.

Methods: Three male Landrace pigs underwent computed tomography and the anatomy of the urinary system and renal circulation was analyzed and described.

Results: In all animals, 2 kidneys, 2 ureters and one bladder were identified. Each kidney presented a single renal artery vascularization, with a mean diameter on the right of 4.45 and 5.31 mm on the left (p < 0.0001) and single renal vein drainage, with a mean diameter on the right of 5.78 and 5.82 mm on the left (p = 0.0336). The average renal length was 9.85 cm on the right and 10.30 cm on the left (p < 0.0001). The average renal volume was 113.70 cm3 on the right and 109.70 cm3 on the left (p < 0.0001). The average length of the ureter was 19.78 cm on the right and 22.08 cm on the left (p < 0.0001). The average bladder volume was 423.70 cm3.

Conclusions: The data obtained show similarities with human anatomy, suggesting the viability of the swine model for planning preclinical trials, basic research, refinement in experimental surgery and surgical training for urological procedures.

Citing Articles

Drug Loss at Arterial Bends Can Dominate Off-Target Drug Delivery by Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons.

Tscheuschner L, Stratakos E, Kostakis M, Gravanis M, Katsimpoulas M, Pennati G Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(2).

PMID: 40006564 PMC: 11858837. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17020197.

An Exploration of the Cellular Microenvironment of the Female Pig Urethra: Translational Insights for Urological Research.

Cartes A, Stoore C, Baquedano M, Hidalgo C, Lillo F, Landerer E Biology (Basel). 2025; 14(1.

PMID: 39857262 PMC: 11761940. DOI: 10.3390/biology14010031.

Characterization of the mesenteric circulatory physiology during hemorrhagic shock in a swine model.

Treffalls R, Stonko D, Edwards J, Abdou H, Savidge S, Walker P Surg Pract Sci. 2025; 10():100119.

PMID: 39845609 PMC: 11749941. DOI: 10.1016/j.sipas.2022.100119.

CT Evaluation of the Tracheobronchial Tree in Swine.

Gao X, Antunes I, Luu N, Hadjiabdolhamid N, Polivka A, Molloi S Comp Med. 2023; 73(4):323-328.

PMID: 37817365 PMC: 10702284. DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-22-000101.

The accumulation of particles in ureteric stents is mediated by flow dynamics: Full-scale computational and experimental modeling of the occluded and unoccluded ureter.

Mosayyebi A, Vijayakumar A, Mosayebi M, Lange D, Somani B, Manes C APL Bioeng. 2022; 6(2):026102.

PMID: 35540726 PMC: 9076127. DOI: 10.1063/5.0083260.

References

Moon Y, Kim H, Kim J, Kim H, Chang Y . Distribution of ureteral stones and factors affecting their location and expulsion in patients with renal colic. Korean J Urol. 2015; 56(10):717-21. PMC: 4610899. DOI: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.10.717. View

Golriz M, Fonouni H, Nickkholgh A, Hafezi M, Garoussi C, Mehrabi A . Pig kidney transplantation: an up-to-date guideline. Eur Surg Res. 2012; 49(3-4):121-9. DOI: 10.1159/000343132. View

Nonboe L, Nielsen T, Hoyer S, Graumann O, Frokiaer J, Borre M . Arterial Clamping Increases Central Renal Cryoablation Efficacy: An Animal Study. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 16(4):414-420. PMC: 5616068. DOI: 10.1177/1533034616663365. View

Sanal B, Korkmaz M, Can F, Aras B, Buyukkaya A . Do the variations in renal pelvic angles play a role in the formation of renal stone? A computed tomography study. Ren Fail. 2015; 37(9):1448-51. DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2015.1074491. View

Ragionieri L, Ravanetti F, Gazza F, Botti M, Ivanovska A, Cacchioli A . Morphological analysis of the urethral muscle of the male pig with relevance to urinary continence and micturition. J Anat. 2015; 228(3):511-9. PMC: 5341554. DOI: 10.1111/joa.12415. View

Gomez F, Ballesteros L, Estupinan H . Anatomical study of the renal excretory system in pigs. A review of its characteristics as compared to its human counterpart. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2016; 76(2):262-268. DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0065. View

Okhunov Z, Yoon R, Perez Lanzac A, Sgroi M, Lau W, Del Junco M . Development and evaluation of a retroperitoneal dialysis porcine model. Clin Nephrol. 2016; 86(2):70-7. DOI: 10.5414/CN108775. View

de Miranda C, Maranhao C, Dos Santos C, Padilha I, Gomes de Farias L, da Rocha M . Bosniak classification of renal cystic lesions according to multidetector computed tomography findings. Radiol Bras. 2015; 47(2):115-21. PMC: 4337166. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-39842014000200015. View

Noureldin Y, Andonian S . Simulation for Percutaneous Renal Access: Where Are We?. J Endourol. 2016; 31(S1):S10-S19. DOI: 10.1089/end.2016.0587. View

10.

Sood A, Hemal A, Assimos D, Peabody J, Menon M, Ghani K . Robotic Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy Utilizing Near-infrared Fluorescence Image-guidance: Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, and Long-term Monitoring (IDEAL) Stage 0 Animal Model Study. Urology. 2016; 94:117-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.04.051. View

11.

Karami M, Rahimi F, Tajadini M . The evaluation and comparison of kidney length obtained from axial cuts in spiral CT scan with its true length. Adv Biomed Res. 2015; 4:19. PMC: 4333429. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.149850. View

12.

Xing Y, Chen T, Simmons W, Sankin G, Cocks F, Lipkin M . Comparison of Broad vs Narrow Focal Width Lithotripter Fields. J Endourol. 2017; 31(5):502-509. PMC: 5439448. DOI: 10.1089/end.2016.0560. View

13.

Sakaoka A, Koshimizu M, Nakamura S, Matsumura K . Quantitative angiographic anatomy of the renal arteries and adjacent aorta in the swine for preclinical studies of intravascular catheterization devices. Exp Anim. 2018; 67(2):291-299. PMC: 5955760. DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0125. View

14.

Daescu E, Zahoi D, Motoc A, Alexa A, Baderca F, Enache A . Morphological variability of the renal artery branching pattern: a brief review and an anatomical study. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2012; 53(2):287-91. View

15.

Ozturk N, Kavakli A . Use of bladder volume measurement assessed with ultrasound to predict postoperative urinary retention. North Clin Istanb. 2017; 3(3):209-216. PMC: 5336626. DOI: 10.14744/nci.2016.03164. View

16.

Frober R . Surgical anatomy of the ureter. BJU Int. 2007; 100(4):949-65. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07207.x. View

17.

Kim S . Doppler US and CT Diagnosis of Nutcracker Syndrome. Korean J Radiol. 2019; 20(12):1627-1637. PMC: 6923211. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0084. View

18.

Sedigh A, Nordling S, Carlsson F, Larsson E, Norlin B, Lubenow N . Perfusion of Porcine Kidneys With Macromolecular Heparin Reduces Early Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation. 2018; 103(2):420-427. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002469. View

19.

Goes A, Araujo R, Furlaneto I, Vieira W . Compression of left renal vein and left common iliac vein on CT scans: how often are they detected?. J Vasc Bras. 2021; 19:e20190121. PMC: 8202167. DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.190121. View

20.

Potenta S, DAgostino R, Sternberg K, Tatsumi K, Perusse K . CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter. Radiographics. 2015; 35(3):709-26. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140209. View