Assessment of Serum and Salivary Adiponectin Levels in Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Overview

Journal J Oral Maxillofac Pathol

Date 2021 Jan 18

PMID 33456232

Citations 3

Authors

R Suma Kalyani

Vandana Raghunath

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Adiponectin, an adipocytokine, plays an important role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in obese and cardiovascular disease patients, with few studies having observed low plasma concentrations. Persistent low-grade inflammation, an important feature in T2DM and obesity, bears an indirect influence on insulin resistance and insulin secretion and is reflected by increased plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Thus, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, adiponectin, depicts that inflammation could be the link between T2DM, obesity and adiponectin. Since these factors need to be explored to prevent or adequately treat T2DM, especially among Indian diabetics, this study was undertaken. Also of interest was to assess its salivary concentrations.

Aim: This study aimed to assess serum and salivary adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed T2DM individuals along with postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA) and high-sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP).

Materials And Methods: Serum and salivary levels of adiponectin, PPBS, HbA and hs-CRP were assessed in 30 newly diagnosed T2DM (Group I) individuals and compared with 30 healthy individuals (Group II, healthy control). Glucose oxidase peroxidase, automatic analyzer, turbidimetric immunoassay and ELISA methods were adopted for PPBS, HbA, hs-CRP and adiponectin estimation.

Results: Statistically significant decrease in mean serum (16.93 ± 3.86) and salivary (24.96 ± 8.21) adiponectin levels, were observed in Group I compared to Group II individuals with a p value of 0.00 and 0.04 respectively. In Group I individuals a significant p value of 0.02 was noted only between salivary adiponectin and PPBS. None of the other parameters correlated significantly with serum adiponectin levels.

Conclusion: Decreased serum and salivary adiponectin levels in T2DM furthered the importance of its role in Indian T2DM. Decreased salivary adiponectin levels probably reflected salivary hypofunction. This being the preliminary study in saliva, more studies are required to emphasize its role both as a diagnostic marker and as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in T2DM.

Citing Articles

Correlation of serum biochemical parameters and saliva pH in healthy individuals.

Alsufyani A Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023; 30(11):103793.

PMID: 37744004 PMC: 10514437. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103793.

Clinical effects of insulin glargine combined with repaglinide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Li J, Zhao M, Liu M, Tang K, Sun G Am J Transl Res. 2021; 13(11):13010-13016.

PMID: 34956518 PMC: 8661186.

Salivary Adipokine and Cytokine Levels as Potential Markers for the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders.

Zysk B, Ostrowska L, Smarkusz-Zarzecka J Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(21).

PMID: 34769133 PMC: 8584047. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111703.

References

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H . Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5):1047-53. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047. View

Thanakun S, Watanabe H, Thaweboon S, Izumi Y . Comparison of salivary and plasma adiponectin and leptin in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014; 6(1):19. PMC: 3926677. DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-19. View

Choudhuri S, Dutta D, Chowdhury I, Mitra B, Sen A, Mandal L . Association of hyperglycemia mediated increased advanced glycation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity in different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013; 100(3):376-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.03.031. View

Mandal L, Choudhuri S, Dutta D, Mitra B, Kundu S, Chowdhury I . Oxidative stress-associated neuroretinal dysfunction and nitrosative stress in diabetic retinopathy. Can J Diabetes. 2013; 37(6):401-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.05.004. View

Akuailou E, Vijayagopal P, Imrhan V, Prasad C . Measurement and validation of the nature of salivary adiponectin. Acta Diabetol. 2012; 50(5):727-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0388-z. View

Amado F, Ferreira R, Vitorino R . One decade of salivary proteomics: current approaches and outstanding challenges. Clin Biochem. 2012; 46(6):506-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.024. View

Thorand B, Lowel H, Schneider A, Kolb H, Meisinger C, Frohlich M . C-reactive protein as a predictor for incident diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men: results from the MONICA Augsburg cohort study, 1984-1998. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(1):93-9. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.1.93. View

Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley R . Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86(5):1930-5. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.5.7463. View

Pan A, Wang Y, Yuan J, Koh W . High-sensitive C-reactive protein and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a case-control study nested within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017; 17(1):8. PMC: 5299777. DOI: 10.1186/s12902-017-0159-5. View

10.

Daimon M, Oizumi T, Saitoh T, Kameda W, Hirata A, Yamaguchi H . Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Population: the Funagata study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(7):2015-20. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.7.2015. View

11.

Choudhuri S, Mandal L, Paine S, Sen A, Dutta D, Chowdhury I . Role of hyperglycemia-mediated erythrocyte redox state alteration in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 2012; 33(1):207-16. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318256202e. View

12.

Tutuncu Y, Satman I, Celik S, Dinccag N, Karsidag K, Telci A . A Comparison of hs-CRP Levels in New Diabetes Groups Diagnosed Based on FPG, 2-hPG, or HbA1c Criteria. J Diabetes Res. 2016; 2016:5827041. PMC: 4707339. DOI: 10.1155/2016/5827041. View

13.

Choudhuri S, Dutta D, Sen A, Chowdhury I, Mitra B, Mondal L . Role of N-ε- carboxy methyl lysine, advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species for the development of nonproliferative and proliferative retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Vis. 2013; 19:100-13. PMC: 3559098. View

14.

Snehalatha C, Mukesh B, Simon M, Viswanathan V, Haffner S, Ramachandran A . Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian indians. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(12):3226-9. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.12.3226. View

15.

Pfutzner A, Forst T . High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as cardiovascular risk marker in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006; 8(1):28-36. DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.8.28. View

16.

Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y . Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20(6):1595-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1595. View

17.

Ebersole J, Kryscio R, Campbell C, Kinane D, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N . Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res. 2016; 52(3):419-427. PMC: 5323420. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12406. View

18.

Lasisi T, Fasanmade A . Salivary flow and composition in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2012; 27(1):79-82. View

19.

Alberti K, Zimmet P . Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; 15(7):539-53. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S. View

20.

Guerre-Millo M . Adiponectin: an update. Diabetes Metab. 2007; 34(1):12-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.08.002. View