Identification of N,N',N″-triacetylfusarinine C As a Key Metabolite for Root Rot Disease Virulence in American Ginseng

Overview

Journal J Ginseng Res

Date 2021 Jan 13

PMID 33437167

Citations 6

Authors

Jacob P Walsh

Natasha DesRochers

Justin B Renaud

Keith A Seifert

Ken K-C Yeung

Mark W Sumarah

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: It is estimated that 20-30% of ginseng crops in Canada are lost to root rot each harvest. This disease is commonly caused by fungal infection with , previously known as Previous reports have linked the virulence of fungal disease to the production of siderophores, a class of small-molecule iron chelators. However, these siderophores have not been identified in .

Methods: High-resolution LC-MS/MS was used to screen and strain extracts for secondary metabolite production. These strains were also tested for their ability to cause root rot in American ginseng and categorized as virulent or avirulent. The differences in detected metabolites between the virulent and avirulent strains were compared with a focus on siderophores.

Results: For the first time, a siderophore N,N',N″-triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) has been identified in , and it appears to be linked to disease virulence. Siderophore production was suppressed as the concentration of iron increased, which is in agreement with previous reports.

Conclusion: The identification of the siderophore produced by gives us further insight into the root rot disease that heavily affects ginseng crop yields. This research identifies a molecular pathway previously unknown for ginseng root rot and could lead to new disease treatment options.

Citing Articles

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Resorcylic Acid Lactones by an sp.

Hoogstra S, Hendricks K, McMullin D, Renaud J, Bora J, Sumarah M Toxins (Basel). 2024; 16(9).

PMID: 39330862 PMC: 11435890. DOI: 10.3390/toxins16090404.

Structure and function of rhizosphere soil microbial communities associated with root rot of .

Liu C, Li H, Dong J, He X, Zhang L, Qiu B Front Microbiol. 2024; 15:1424633.

PMID: 39091303 PMC: 11291326. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1424633.

Assessing the biodiversity of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi in Knoxia valerianoides under continuous cropping conditions.

Liu C, Zhang L, Li H, He X, Dong J, Qiu B BMC Microbiol. 2024; 24(1):195.

PMID: 38849736 PMC: 11157913. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03357-7.

Interaction of Ginseng with Root Rot Pathogens.

Bischoff Nunes I, Goodwin P Plants (Basel). 2022; 11(16).

PMID: 36015455 PMC: 9416147. DOI: 10.3390/plants11162152.

A bZIP transcription factor, PqbZIP1, is involved in the plant defense response of American ginseng.

Yang S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Bi Y, Gao W PeerJ. 2022; 10:e12939.

PMID: 35282281 PMC: 8916028. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12939.

References

Seifert K, McMullen C, Yee D, Reeleder R, Dobinson K . Molecular Differentiation and Detection of Ginseng-Adapted Isolates of the Root Rot Fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans. Phytopathology. 2008; 93(12):1533-42. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.12.1533. View

Fekete F, Chandhoke V, Jellison J . Iron-binding compounds produced by wood-decaying basidiomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989; 55(10):2720-2. PMC: 203150. DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2720-2722.1989. View

Rahman M, Punja Z . Influence of iron on cylindrocarpon root rot development on ginseng. Phytopathology. 2008; 96(11):1179-87. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-96-1179. View

Haas H . Molecular genetics of fungal siderophore biosynthesis and uptake: the role of siderophores in iron uptake and storage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003; 62(4):316-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1335-2. View

Carroll C, Amankwa L, Pinto L, Fuller J, Moore M . Detection of a Serum Siderophore by LC-MS/MS as a Potential Biomarker of Invasive Aspergillosis. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3):e0151260. PMC: 4790926. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151260. View

Diekmann H, Zahner H . [Constitution and catabolism of fusigen to delta-2-anhydromevalonic acid lactone]. Eur J Biochem. 1967; 3(2):213-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb19518.x. View

Baeg I, So S . The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea). J Ginseng Res. 2013; 37(1):1-7. PMC: 3659626. DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.1. View

Emery T . A convenient assay for siderochrome hydrolytic enzymes. Anal Biochem. 1976; 71(1):294-9. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90039-7. View

Pluskal T, Castillo S, Villar-Briones A, Oresic M . MZmine 2: modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010; 11:395. PMC: 2918584. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-395. View

10.

Farh M, Kim Y, Kim Y, Yang D . -species complex: Causative agent of ginseng root-rot disease and rusty symptoms. J Ginseng Res. 2018; 42(1):9-15. PMC: 5766697. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.004. View

11.

Andersen A, Hansen P, Jorgensen K, Nielsen K . Dynamic Cluster Analysis: An Unbiased Method for Identifying A + 2 Element Containing Compounds in Liquid Chromatographic High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Data. Anal Chem. 2017; 88(24):12461-12469. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03902. View

12.

Eisendle M, Oberegger H, Zadra I, Haas H . The siderophore system is essential for viability of Aspergillus nidulans: functional analysis of two genes encoding l-ornithine N 5-monooxygenase (sidA) and a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (sidC). Mol Microbiol. 2003; 49(2):359-75. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03586.x. View

13.

Rahman M, Punja Z . Factors Influencing Development of Root Rot on Ginseng Caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Phytopathology. 2008; 95(12):1381-90. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-95-1381. View

14.

Frederick R, Mayfield J, DuBois J . Iron trafficking as an antimicrobial target. Biometals. 2009; 22(4):583-93. PMC: 3742301. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9236-1. View

15.

Kragl C, Schrettl M, Abt B, Sarg B, Lindner H, Haas H . EstB-mediated hydrolysis of the siderophore triacetylfusarinine C optimizes iron uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell. 2007; 6(8):1278-85. PMC: 1951140. DOI: 10.1128/EC.00066-07. View

16.

Cabaj A, Kosakowska A . Iron-dependent growth of and siderophore production by two heterotrophic bacteria isolated from brackish water of the southern Baltic Sea. Microbiol Res. 2007; 164(5):570-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.07.001. View

17.

Lu J, Yao Q, Chen C . Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009; 7(3):293-302. PMC: 2928028. DOI: 10.2174/157016109788340767. View