Oral L-glutamine Rescues Fructose-induced Poor Fetal Outcome by Preventing Placental Triglyceride and Uric Acid Accumulation in Wistar Rats

Overview

Journal Heliyon

Specialty Social Sciences

Date 2021 Jan 11

PMID 33426346

Citations 2

Authors

Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi

Isaiah Woru Sabinari

Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Metabolic adaptation of pregnant mothers is crucial for placental development and fetal growth/survival. However, evidence exists that indiscriminate consumption of fructose-enriched drink (FED) during pregnancy disrupts maternal-fetal metabolic tolerance with attendant adverse fetal outcomes. Glutamine supplementation (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, the effects of GLN on FED-induced poor fetal outcome, and in particular the impacts on placental uric acid/lipid accumulation are unknown. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by attenuating placental lipid accumulation and uric acid synthesis in pregnant rats exposed to FED.

Materials And Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomly allotted to control, GLN, FED and FED + GLN groups (6 rats/group). The groups received vehicle by oral gavage, glutamine (1 g/kg) by oral gavage, fructose (10%; w/v) and fructose + glutamine, respectively, through gestation.

Results: Data showed that FED during pregnancy caused placental inefficiency, reduced fetal growth, and caused insulin resistance with correspondent increase in fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin. FED also resulted in an increased placental triglyceride, total cholesterol and uric acid synthesis by activating adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase activities. Moreover, FED during pregnancy led to increased lipid peroxidation, lactate production with correspondent decreased adenosine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent antioxidant defense. These alterations were abrogated by GLN supplementation.

Conclusion: These findings implicate that high FED intake during pregnancy causes poor fetal outcome via defective placental uric acid/triglyceride-dependent mechanism. The findings also suggest that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by ameliorating placental defects through suppression of uric acid/triglyceride accumulation.

Citing Articles

Pregnancy Is Enough to Provoke Deleterious Effects in Descendants of Fructose-Fed Mothers and Their Fetuses.

Fauste E, Panadero M, Donis C, Otero P, Bocos C Nutrients. 2021; 13(10).

PMID: 34684668 PMC: 8539712. DOI: 10.3390/nu13103667.

Maternal Fructose Diet-Induced Developmental Programming.

Thompson M, DeBosch B Nutrients. 2021; 13(9).

PMID: 34579155 PMC: 8467222. DOI: 10.3390/nu13093278.

References

Costa A, Real J, Antunes C, Cruz-Morais J . A new approach for determination of Na,K-ATPase activity: application to intact pancreatic β-cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2009; 46(1):7-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9243-0. View

Wu G, Morris Jr S . Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J. 1998; 336 ( Pt 1):1-17. PMC: 1219836. DOI: 10.1042/bj3360001. View

Li J, Leng J, Li W, Zhang C, Feng L, Wang P . Roles of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in macrosomia among Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes. 2018; 12(6):565-573. PMC: 6778964. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.010. View

Roberts C . IFPA Award in Placentology Lecture: Complicated interactions between genes and the environment in placentation, pregnancy outcome and long term health. Placenta. 2010; 31 Suppl:S47-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.01.001. View

Pardo F, Silva L, Saez T, Salsoso R, Gutierrez J, Sanhueza C . Human supraphysiological gestational weight gain and fetoplacental vascular dysfunction. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39(8):1264-73. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.57. View

Burton G, Jaunaiux E . Maternal vascularisation of the human placenta: does the embryo develop in a hypoxic environment?. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2001; 29(7-8):503-8. DOI: 10.1016/s1297-9589(01)00179-5. View

Sundborn G, Thornley S, Merriman T, Lang B, King C, Lanaspa M . Are Liquid Sugars Different from Solid Sugar in Their Ability to Cause Metabolic Syndrome?. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019; 27(6):879-887. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22472. View

Rodriguez-Sureda V, Peinado-Onsurbe J . A procedure for measuring triacylglyceride and cholesterol content using a small amount of tissue. Anal Biochem. 2005; 343(2):277-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.009. View

Kim J, Song G, Wu G, Bazer F . Functional roles of fructose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109(25):E1619-28. PMC: 3382482. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204298109. View

10.

Powers R, Bodnar L, Ness R, Cooper K, Gallaher M, Frank M . Uric acid concentrations in early pregnancy among preeclamptic women with gestational hyperuricemia at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194(1):160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.066. View

11.

Johansson M, Karlsson L, Wennergren M, Jansson T, Powell T . Activity and protein expression of Na+/K+ ATPase are reduced in microvillous syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes isolated from pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88(6):2831-7. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021926. View

12.

Martineau M, Raker C, Dixon P, Chambers J, Machirori M, King N . The metabolic profile of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and increased fetal growth. Diabetes Care. 2014; 38(2):243-8. DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2143. View

13.

Olaniyi K, Sabinari I, Olatunji L . l-glutamine supplementation exerts cardio-renal protection in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive-treated female rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019; 74:103305. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103305. View

14.

Dai Z, Li X, Xi P, Zhang J, Wu G, Zhu W . Metabolism of select amino acids in bacteria from the pig small intestine. Amino Acids. 2011; 42(5):1597-608. DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0846-x. View

15.

Cheung A, Wu L, Kablitz C, Leypoldt J . Atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993; 22(2):271-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70318-9. View

16.

Pardo F, Arroyo P, Salomon C, Westermeier F, Salsoso R, Saez T . Role of equilibrative adenosine transporters and adenosine receptors as modulators of the human placental endothelium in gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. 2013; 34(12):1121-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.007. View

17.

Kc K, Shakya S, Zhang H . Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015; 66 Suppl 2:14-20. DOI: 10.1159/000371628. View

18.

Million M, Lagier J, Yahav D, Paul M . Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; 19(4):305-13. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12172. View

19.

Villalobos-Labra R, Saez P, Subiabre M, Silva L, Toledo F, Westermeier F . Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity associates with endoplasmic reticulum stress in human umbilical vein endothelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018; 1864(10):3195-3210. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.007. View

20.

Scifres C, Nelson D . Intrauterine growth restriction, human placental development and trophoblast cell death. J Physiol. 2009; 587(Pt 14):3453-8. PMC: 2742274. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173252. View