Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Associations with Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Early Adulthood: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Overview

Journal Diabetol Metab Syndr

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2021 Jan 3

PMID 33388084

Citations 5

Authors

Golaleh Asghari

Mitra Hasheminia

Abolfazl Heidari

Parvin Mirmiran

Kamran Guity

Mohammad Karim Shahrzad

Fereidoun Azizi

Farzad Hadaegh

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the association of youth metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, individually and in combination with early adulthood incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods: A total of 2798 adolescents aged 11-19 years enrolled in the study. At baseline, MetS, its components including blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TGs), fasting plasma glucose, and low HDL-C, and different combinations of MetS components were defined. After a mean 11.3 years of follow-up, T2DM was determined. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, family history of T2DM, and adult BMI was used for data analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.

Results: During the follow-up, 44 incidents T2DM were developed. Among different individual components, only high WC [HR = 2.63, 95% CI (1.39-4.97)] and high TGs [HR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.00-3.34)] remained as significant predictors only in the age and sex adjusted model. Regarding combinations of MetS components, 'high TGs and high WC' [HR = 2.70, 95% CI (1.27-5.77)], 'high BP and high WC' [HR = 2.52, 95% CI (1.00-6.33)], 'high TGs and high BP' [HR = 2.27, 95% CI (1.02-5.05)] as well as MetS per se [HR = 2.82, 95% CI (1.41-5.64)] had a significant relationship with incident T2DM in the multivariable adjusted model. Among different confounders, being female and having family history of T2DM were consistently associated with higher risk of T2DM, in different combinations of MetS components.

Conclusions: Adolescence MetS and some combinations of MetS components predicted early adulthood T2DM. Thus, adolescents, particularly female ones, with combinations of MetS components as well as those with family history of T2DM could be targeted for lifestyle intervention.

Citing Articles

Effect of Nigella sativa-L supplementation on glycemia in adolescent polycystic ovarian syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial study.

Mahmoudian A, Ashouri A, Mohammadzadeh F, Rahmani Bilandi R, Dashti S, Bahri N J Ovarian Res. 2025; 18(1):46.

PMID: 40055705 PMC: 11887340. DOI: 10.1186/s13048-025-01634-1.

Two distinct psychological concepts: Diabetes depression and diabetes burnout profiles.

Noorian K, Abdolazimi-Najaf-Abadi A, Taghipoor M, Doosti-Irani M, Doosti-Irani M, Abdoli S J Educ Health Promot. 2025; 13():432.

PMID: 39811838 PMC: 11731248. DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1671_23.

Lipid accumulation product is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

Chen Z, Liu L, Zhuang X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Liu Y Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023; 14:1179990.

PMID: 37424867 PMC: 10326626. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1179990.

Shaping the Physicochemical, Functional, Microbiological and Sensory Properties of Yoghurts Using Plant Additives.

Wajs J, Brodziak A, Krol J Foods. 2023; 12(6).

PMID: 36981201 PMC: 10048245. DOI: 10.3390/foods12061275.

The Effect of Childhood Obesity or Sarcopenic Obesity on Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Adolescence: The Ewha Birth and Growth Study.

Park H, Jun S, Lee H, Kim H, Hong Y, Park H Metabolites. 2023; 13(1).

PMID: 36677058 PMC: 9865823. DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010133.

References

Wilson P, DAgostino R, Parise H, Sullivan L, Meigs J . Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2005; 112(20):3066-72. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528. View

Sasaki R, Yano Y, Yasuma T, Onishi Y, Suzuki T, Maruyama-Furuta N . Association of Waist Circumference and Body Fat Weight with Insulin Resistance in Male Subjects with Normal Body Mass Index and Normal Glucose Tolerance. Intern Med. 2016; 55(11):1425-32. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.4100. View

Wondmkun Y . Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes: Associations and Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020; 13:3611-3616. PMC: 7553667. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S275898. View

. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76. View

Morrison J, Glueck C, Horn P, Wang P . Childhood predictors of adult type 2 diabetes at 9- and 26-year follow-ups. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010; 164(1):53-60. DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.228. View

. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(7):1183-97. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183. View

Alberti K, Eckel R, Grundy S, Zimmet P, Cleeman J, Donato K . Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation;.... Circulation. 2009; 120(16):1640-5. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644. View

Koskinen J, Magnussen C, Sabin M, Kahonen M, Hutri-Kahonen N, Laitinen T . Youth overweight and metabolic disturbances in predicting carotid intima-media thickness, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(7):1870-7. DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0008. View

Ma C, Liu X, Lu N, Wang R, Lu Q, Yin F . Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and abnormal glucose metabolism: a system review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2019; 64(3):469-485. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01945-6. View

10.

Rivera J, Gonzalez de Cossio T, Pedraza L, Aburto T, Sanchez T, Martorell R . Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Latin America: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2(4):321-332. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70173-6. View

11.

Morrison J, Friedman L, Wang P, Glueck C . Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later. J Pediatr. 2008; 152(2):201-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.010. View

12.

Barreiro-Ribeiro F, Vasques A, de Cassia da Silva C, Zambon M, Rodrigues A, Camilo D . Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype Indicates Insulin Resistance in Adolescents According to the Clamp Technique in the BRAMS Study. Child Obes. 2016; 12(6):446-454. DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0180. View

13.

Esteghamati A, Etemad K, Koohpayehzadeh J, Abbasi M, Meysamie A, Noshad S . Trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in association with obesity in Iran: 2005-2011. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103(2):319-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.034. View

14.

Magnussen C, Koskinen J, Juonala M, Chen W, Srinivasan S, Sabin M . A diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in youth that resolves by adult life is associated with a normalization of high carotid intima-media thickness and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: the Bogalusa heart and cardiovascular risk in young Finns studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 60(17):1631-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.05.056. View

15.

Morrison J, Glueck C, Wang P . Childhood risk factors predict cardiovascular disease, impaired fasting glucose plus type 2 diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure 26 years later at a mean age of 38 years: the Princeton-lipid research clinics follow-up study. Metabolism. 2011; 61(4):531-41. PMC: 3324938. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.08.010. View

16.

Watson K, Horowitz B, Matson G . Lipid abnormalities in insulin resistant states. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2003; 4(4):228-36. View

17.

Mirbolouk M, Derakhshan A, Charkhchi P, Guity K, Azizi F, Hadaegh F . Incidence and predictors of early adulthood pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes, among Iranian adolescents: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016; 17(8):608-616. DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12343. View

18.

Chen W, Srinivasan S, Li S, Xu J, Berenson G . Metabolic syndrome variables at low levels in childhood are beneficially associated with adulthood cardiovascular risk: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 28(1):126-31. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.1.126. View

19.

Koskinen J, Magnussen C, Sinaiko A, Woo J, Urbina E, Jacobs Jr D . Childhood Age and Associations Between Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Adult Risk for Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Carotid Intima Media Thickness: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(8). PMC: 5586423. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005632. View

20.

Cho N, Shaw J, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes J, Ohlrogge A . IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018; 138:271-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023. View