The Co-existence of ADHD With Autism in Saudi Children: An Analysis Using Next-Generation DNA Sequencing

Overview

Journal Front Genet

Date 2021 Jan 1

PMID 33384710

Citations 4

Authors

Neda M Bogari

Faisal A Al-Allaf

Ashwag Aljohani

Mohiuddin M Taher

Nermeen A Qutub

Suhair Alhelfawi

Amal Alobaidi

Derar M Alqudah

Hussain Banni

Ghida Dairi

Amr A Amin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Several studies have confirmed the co-existence of other neuropsychiatric disorders with ADHD. Out of 106 individuals suspected to have ADHD, eight Saudi Arabian pediatric patients were diagnosed with ADHD using a dual assessment procedure based on highly significant scores from the international criteria for diagnosis; (full form DMS) DSM-5. Then, these patients were examined for the co-existence of autism and ADHD using different international diagnostic protocols. Four patients with combined ADHD and autism and four ADHD patients without autism were examined for the presence of genetic variants. Six variants (chr1:98165091, chr6:32029183, chr6:32035603, chr6:32064098, chr8:2909992, chr16:84213434) were identified in 75% of the patients with ADHD and autism, indicating that these genes may have a possible role in causing autism. Five variants (The chr2:116525960, chr15:68624396, chr15:91452595, chr15:92647645, and chr16:82673047) may increase to the severity of ADHD. This study recommends screening these eleven variants in ADHD cases and their relevant controls to confirm the prevalence in the Saudi population. It is recommended that future studies examine the 11 variants in detail.

Citing Articles

Genetic Variants Linked to Opioid Addiction: A Genome-Wide Association Study.

Panday S, Shankar V, Lyman R, Alexov E Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(23).

PMID: 39684228 PMC: 11641826. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252312516.

Identification and characterisation of de novo germline structural variants in two commercial pig lines using trio-based whole genome sequencing.

Steensma M, Lee Y, Bouwman A, Pita Barros C, Derks M, Bink M BMC Genomics. 2023; 24(1):208.

PMID: 37072725 PMC: 10114323. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09296-3.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What Are Pharmacists' Roles and Associated Outcomes?.

Elnaem M, AbouKhatwa M, Elrggal M, Dehele I Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023; 20(3).

PMID: 36768120 PMC: 9916014. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032754.

The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Zhang L, Wei X J Neurosci. 2022; 42(24):4774-4793.

PMID: 35705493 PMC: 9188383. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0059-22.2022.

References

Hofstatter E, Domchek S, Miron A, Garber J, Wang M, Componeschi K . PALB2 mutations in familial breast and pancreatic cancer. Fam Cancer. 2011; 10(2):225-31. PMC: 3836668. DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9426-1. View

Kim S, Shin S, Lee K, Joo E, Song J, Ahn Y . The genetic association of DUSP6 with bipolar disorder and its effect on ERK activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 37(1):41-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.014. View

Sherva R, Wang Q, Kranzler H, Zhao H, Koesterer R, Herman A . Genome-wide Association Study of Cannabis Dependence Severity, Novel Risk Variants, and Shared Genetic Risks. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73(5):472-80. PMC: 4974817. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0036. View

Johannessen J, Naerland T, Hope S, Torske T, Hoyland A, Strohmaier J . Parents' Attitudes toward Clinical Genetic Testing for Autism Spectrum Disorder-Data from a Norwegian Sample. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(5). PMC: 5454987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051078. View

Stubbs E, Magenis R . HLA and autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1980; 10(1):15-9. DOI: 10.1007/BF02408429. View

Ziegler A, Kentenich H, Uchanska-Ziegler B . Female choice and the MHC. Trends Immunol. 2005; 26(9):496-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.07.003. View

Fregeau B, Kim B, Hernandez-Garcia A, Jordan V, Cho M, Schnur R . De Novo Mutations of RERE Cause a Genetic Syndrome with Features that Overlap Those Associated with Proximal 1p36 Deletions. Am J Hum Genet. 2016; 98(5):963-970. PMC: 4863473. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.002. View

Warren R, Singh V, Cole P, Odell J, Pingree C, Warren W . Increased frequency of the null allele at the complement C4b locus in autism. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991; 83(3):438-40. PMC: 1535320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05657.x. View

Ng P, Henikoff S . SIFT: Predicting amino acid changes that affect protein function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003; 31(13):3812-4. PMC: 168916. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg509. View

10.

Mariani J, Levin F . Treatment strategies for co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders. Am J Addict. 2007; 16 Suppl 1:45-54. PMC: 2676785. DOI: 10.1080/10550490601082783. View

11.

Torres A, Sweeten T, Cutler A, Bedke B, Fillmore M, Stubbs E . The association and linkage of the HLA-A2 class I allele with autism. Hum Immunol. 2006; 67(4-5):346-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.01.001. View

12.

Brevik E, van Donkelaar M, Weber H, Sanchez-Mora C, Jacob C, Rivero O . Genome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2016; 171(5):733-47. PMC: 5071721. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32434. View

13.

Rellini E, Tortolani D, Trillo S, Carbone S, Montecchi F . Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) correspondence and conflicts with DSM-IV criteria in diagnosis of autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005; 34(6):703-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-004-5290-2. View

14.

Wang L, Shyu Y, Yuan S, Yang C, Yang K, Lee T . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, its pharmacotherapy, and the risk of developing bipolar disorder: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res. 2015; 72:6-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.014. View

15.

Marszalek J, Weiner J, Farlow S, Chun J, Goldstein L . Novel dendritic kinesin sorting identified by different process targeting of two related kinesins: KIF21A and KIF21B. J Cell Biol. 1999; 145(3):469-79. PMC: 2185086. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.3.469. View

16.

Xu W, Cohen-Woods S, Chen Q, Noor A, Knight J, Hosang G . Genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder in Canadian and UK populations corroborates disease loci including SYNE1 and CSMD1. BMC Med Genet. 2014; 15:2. PMC: 3901032. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-2. View

17.

Johnson W, Buyske S, Mars A, Sreenath M, Stenroos E, Williams T . HLA-DR4 as a risk allele for autism acting in mothers of probands possibly during pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009; 163(6):542-6. DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.74. View

18.

Blanco A, de la Hoya M, Osorio A, Diez O, Miramar M, Infante M . Analysis of PALB2 gene in BRCA1/BRCA2 negative Spanish hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families with pancreatic cancer cases. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7):e67538. PMC: 3720732. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067538. View

19.

du Puy L, Beqqali A, Monshouwer-Kloots J, Haagsman H, Roelen B, Passier R . CAZIP, a novel protein expressed in the developing heart and nervous system. Dev Dyn. 2009; 238(11):2903-11. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22107. View

20.

Thompson E, Gorringe K, Rowley S, Wong-Brown M, McInerny S, Li N . Prevalence of PALB2 mutations in Australian familial breast cancer cases and controls. Breast Cancer Res. 2015; 17:111. PMC: 4539664. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0627-7. View