Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Two Bivalent Vaccines Containing Newcastle Disease LaSota and Avian Influenza H9N2 Sidrap Isolate Formulated with Different Oil Adjuvants

Overview

Journal Vet World

Specialty Veterinary Medicine

Date 2020 Dec 28

PMID 33363346

Authors

Jossie Intan Cahyani

Sitarina Widyarini

Michael Haryadi Wibowo

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background And Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. The use of ND-AI inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control ND and AI disease. Bivalent ND LaSota-AI H9N2 vaccine is not yet available in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. This study aimed to develop the bivalent inactive vaccines containing ND LaSota and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate which are local isolates as poultry vaccine candidates, and formulated with two different commercial adjuvants, then compared.

Materials And Methods: Two vaccines bivalent were prepared by emulsifying inactivated Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate viruses with Marcol white mineral oil and Montanide ISA70 adjuvants. Both of bivalent vaccines were tested for safety (physical and histopathological at the injection site) and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Parameters used for the evaluation of the efficacy were immunogenicity by hemagglutination inhibition and protection percentage.

Results: Both bivalent vaccines are safe to use. Post-vaccination (PV) immune response was observed using a hemagglutination inhibition test at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of PV. The bivalent vaccine B gives a better immune response to ND at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of PV (p<0.05) compared to the bivalent vaccine A, but in 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, the PV does not show differences in the immune response. The immune response to AI H9N2 showed differences at weeks 2 and 3 PV (p<0.05) with the bivalent vaccine B indicated higher immunity. A single immunization with both bivalent vaccines induces 100% protection in chickens that have been vaccinated against the deadly challenge with the virulent ND virus.

Conclusion: Both of bivalent vaccines are safe to use and provide good efficacy against virulent ND viruses, but bivalent vaccine B (with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant) shows better immune response than bivalent vaccine A (Marcol white mineral oil adjuvant).

Citing Articles

Evaluation of humoral immune response and milk antibody transfer in calves and lactating cows vaccinated with inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine.

Abousenna M, Shafik N, Abotaleb M Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1):4637.

PMID: 39920177 PMC: 11805999. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87831-w.

References

Zhao J, Yang H, Xu H, Ma Z, Zhang G . Efficacy of an inactivated bivalent vaccine against the prevalent strains of Newcastle disease and H9N2 avian influenza. Virol J. 2017; 14(1):56. PMC: 5356287. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0723-7. View

Ali Z, Hassan M, Ali Hussein H, Ahmed B, Sanousi A . Protective efficacy of combined trivalent inactivated ISA 71 oil adjuvant vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes (H9N2 and H5N1) and Newcastle disease virus. Vet World. 2017; 10(10):1212-1220. PMC: 5682266. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1212-1220. View

Kilany W, Bazid A, Ali A, El-Deeb A, Zain El-Abideen M, Sayed M . Comparative Effectiveness of Two Oil Adjuvant-Inactivated Avian Influenza H9N2 Vaccines. Avian Dis. 2016; 60(1 Suppl):226-31. DOI: 10.1637/11145-050815-Reg. View

Garcon N, Morel S, Didierlaurent A, Descamps D, Wettendorff M, Van Mechelen M . Development of an AS04-adjuvanted HPV vaccine with the adjuvant system approach. BioDrugs. 2011; 25(4):217-26. DOI: 10.2165/11591760-000000000-00000. View

Mosleh N, Dadras H, Asasi K, Taebipour M, Tohidifar S, Farjanikish G . Evaluation of the timing of the co-infection on pathogenecity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in broiler chickens. Iran J Vet Res. 2017; 18(2):86-91. PMC: 5534249. View

Oreskovic Z, Nechvatalova K, Krejci J, Kummer V, Faldyna M . Aspects of intradermal immunization with different adjuvants: The role of dendritic cells and Th1/Th2 response. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2):e0211896. PMC: 6370205. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211896. View

Moharam I, Razik A, Sultan H, Ghezlan M, Meseko C, Franzke K . Investigation of suspected Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in Egypt uncovers a high virus velogenic ND virus burden in small-scale holdings and the presence of multiple pathogens. Avian Pathol. 2019; 48(5):406-415. DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1612852. View

Jonas M, Sahesti A, Murwijati T, Lestariningsih C, Irine I, Ayesda C . Identification of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chicken farms in Indonesia. Prev Vet Med. 2018; 159:99-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.003. View

Choi J, Lee Y, Kim Y, Lee E, Jeong O, Sung H . An inactivated vaccine to control the current H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in Korea. J Vet Sci. 2008; 9(1):67-74. PMC: 2839114. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.1.67. View

10.

Kashiwagi Y, Maeda M, Kawashima H, Nakayama T . Inflammatory responses following intramuscular and subcutaneous immunization with aluminum-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccine. 2014; 32(27):3393-401. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.018. View

11.

Lee D, Swayne D, Sharma P, Rehmani S, Wajid A, Suarez D . H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in Pakistan (2012-2015). Vet Rec Open. 2016; 3(1):e000171. PMC: 4932324. DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000171. View

12.

Verdier F, Burnett R, Michelet-Habchi C, Moretto P, Fievet-Groyne F, Sauzeat E . Aluminium assay and evaluation of the local reaction at several time points after intramuscular administration of aluminium containing vaccines in the Cynomolgus monkey. Vaccine. 2005; 23(11):1359-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.012. View

13.

Lee D, Fusaro A, Song C, Suarez D, Swayne D . Poultry vaccination directed evolution of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea. Virology. 2015; 488:225-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.023. View

14.

Ayala A, Dimitrov K, Becker C, Goraichuk I, Arns C, Bolotin V . Presence of Vaccine-Derived Newcastle Disease Viruses in Wild Birds. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0162484. PMC: 5023329. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162484. View

15.

Jansen T, Hofmans M, Theelen M, Schijns V . Structure-activity relations of water-in-oil vaccine formulations and induced antigen-specific antibody responses. Vaccine. 2004; 23(8):1053-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.023. View

16.

Cornax I, Miller P, Afonso C . Characterization of live LaSota vaccine strain-induced protection in chickens upon early challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease virus of heterologous genotype. Avian Dis. 2012; 56(3):464-70. DOI: 10.1637/10043-122011-Reg.1. View

17.

Liu C, Liu M, Liu F, Liu D, Zhang Y, Pan W . Evaluation of several adjuvants in avian influenza vaccine to chickens and ducks. Virol J. 2011; 8:321. PMC: 3141683. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-321. View

18.

HogenEsch H . Mechanisms of stimulation of the immune response by aluminum adjuvants. Vaccine. 2002; 20 Suppl 3:S34-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00169-x. View

19.

Eisenbarth S, Colegio O, OConnor W, Sutterwala F, Flavell R . Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants. Nature. 2008; 453(7198):1122-6. PMC: 4804622. DOI: 10.1038/nature06939. View

20.

Ma J, Lee J, Liu H, Mena I, Davis A, Sunwoo S . Newcastle disease virus-based H5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus. NPJ Vaccines. 2017; 2:33. PMC: 5714955. DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0034-4. View