Imaging of Childhood Urologic Cancers: Current Approaches and New Advances

Urologic tumors make up approximately 10% of all pediatric cancers, and include a variety of different histologies and imaging considerations. In this review, we discuss standard radiologic approaches for children with tumors arising in the genitourinary system, and identify important ways in which imaging affects the differential diagnosis, preoperative planning, and staging of these tumors. In addition, we provide an update on strategies to reduce the time of imaging, which may obviate the need for sedation in younger patients. Efforts to reduce a patient's overall radiation exposure and subsequent risk of second malignancy are also detailed, including recent work on surveillance imaging following completion of therapy. Finally, we highlight new techniques such as radiomics that are now being investigated for patients with these malignancies.