Opsonins and Dysopsonins of Nanoparticles: Facts, Concepts, and Methodological Guidelines

Overview

Journal Front Immunol

Specialty Allergy & Immunology

Date 2020 Nov 6

PMID 33154748

Citations 50

Authors

Emanuele Papini

Regina Tavano

Fabrizio Mancin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Understanding the effects mediated by a set of nanoparticle (NP)-bound host biomolecules, often indicated with the term of , is essential in nanomedicine, nanopharmacology, and nanotoxicology. Among the NP-adsorbed , some factors mediate cell binding, endocytosis, and clearing by macrophages and other phagocytes (opsonins), while some others display few affinities for the cell surface (dysopsonins). The functional mapping of opsonins and dysopsonins is instrumental to design long-circulating and nanotoxicologically safe next-generation nanotheranostics. In this review, we critically analyze functional data identifying specific proteins with opsonin or dysopsonin properties. Special attention is dedicated to the following: (1) the simplicity or complexity of the NP proteome and its modulation, (2) the role of specific host proteins in mediating the stealth properties of uncoated or polymer-coated NPs, and (3) the ability of the innate immune system, and, in particular, of the complement proteins, to mediate NP clearance by phagocytes. Emerging species-specific peculiarities, differentiating humans from preclinical animal models (the murine especially), are highlighted throughout this overview. The operative definition of opsonin and dysopsonin and the measurement schemes to assess their efficacy is critically re-examined. This provides a shared and unbiased approach useful for NP opsonin and dysopsonin systematic identification.

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