Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Overview

Journal J Parasitol Res

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Parasitology

Date 2020 Oct 21

PMID 33083045

Citations 18

Authors

Dires Tegen

Destaw Damtie

Tamirat Hailegebriel

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Human intestinal protozoan parasitic infections (HIPPIs) are a series of public health problems in developing countries like Ethiopia. The overall prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia is not known. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis study is aimed at determining the overall prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia.

Methods: Articles written in English were searched from online public databases. Searching terms used were "prevalence," "intestinal protozoan parasite," "associated factors," and "Ethiopia." We used Stata version 14 for meta-analysis and Cochran's test statistics and the test for heterogeneity.

Result: A total of 286 articles were reviewed, but only 45 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia was 25.01% (95% CI: 20.08%-29.95%) where / is the most prevalent (14.09%, 95% CI: 11.03%-17.14%) followed by (10.03%, 95% CI: 7.69%-12.38%) and spp. (5.93%, 95% CI: 2.95%-8.91%). This meta-analysis showed that family size (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.45-5.85), source of drinking water (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.30-5.36), open field defecation (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.60-4.21), handwashing habit (OR: 2.82, 95% CI: 2.01-3.63), playing with soil (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.01-3.29), the habit of eating raw vegetables (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.03-2.51), and fingernail trimming (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 0.89-2.25) were strongly associated with the HIPPIs in Ethiopia. High heterogeneity on the prevalence of HIPPIs was observed among studies within and among regions ( > 99% and ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion: The prevalence of HIPPIs was significantly high among the Ethiopian population. Family size, source of drinking water, open field defecation, handwashing habit, the habit of eating raw vegetables, and fingernail trimming habits were significantly associated with HIPPIs.

Citing Articles

Prevalence and associated factors of microbial water quality from drinking water in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Worku A, Alemu B PLoS One. 2025; 20(3):e0313650.

PMID: 40036196 PMC: 11878905. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313650.

Prevalence, pattern and predictors of clinically important parasites contaminating raw vegetables and fruits in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Animaw Z, Melese A, Bedane D, Tadesse B, Degarege D, Admasu F BMC Infect Dis. 2024; 24(1):1146.

PMID: 39395940 PMC: 11470547. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-10034-7.

Childhood Intestinal Parasitic Reinfection, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Eastern Ethiopia: Case Control Study.

Gebru H, Deyessa N, Medhin G, Kloos H Infect Drug Resist. 2024; 17:1791-1802.

PMID: 38752169 PMC: 11094539. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S455037.

Prevalence of Protozoan Pathogens Among Diarrheic Children Under 5 Years in Public Hospital of Ethiopia During the Global COVID 19 Pandemic.

Gobena T, Belina D, Hald T, Pires S Inquiry. 2024; 61:469580241242784.

PMID: 38590255 PMC: 11003217. DOI: 10.1177/00469580241242784.

Molecular Epidemiology and Assemblage Typing of Giardia duodenalis in School-Age Children Situated along the Southern Shoreline of Lake Malawi, Malawi.

Archer J, Cunningham L, Juhasz A, Jones S, Doull F, LaCourse J Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023; 109(3):626-639.

PMID: 37549892 PMC: 10484258. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0156.

References

Quihui-Cota L, Morales-Figueroa G, Javalera-Duarte A, Ponce-Martinez J, Valbuena-Gregorio E, Lopez-Mata M . Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections among children of northwest Mexico: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1):852. PMC: 5664335. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4822-6. View

Reh L, Muadica A, Koster P, Balasegaram S, Verlander N, Ruiz Chercoles E . Substantial prevalence of enteroparasites spp., and sp. in asymptomatic schoolchildren in Madrid, Spain, November 2017 to June 2018. Euro Surveill. 2019; 24(43). PMC: 6820128. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.43.1900241. View

Moher D, Pham B, Lawson M, Klassen T . The inclusion of reports of randomised trials published in languages other than English in systematic reviews. Health Technol Assess. 2003; 7(41):1-90. DOI: 10.3310/hta7410. View

Asires A, Wubie M, Reta A . Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Food Handlers at Prison, East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia. Adv Med. 2019; 2019:2101089. PMC: 6339768. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2101089. View

Alemu A, Baraki A, Alemayehu M, Yenit M . The prevalence of intestinal parasite infection and associated factors among food handlers in eating and drinking establishments in Chagni Town, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019; 12(1):302. PMC: 6540465. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4338-5. View

Kumar T, Onichandran S, Lim Y, Sawangjaroen N, Ithoi I, Andiappan H . Comparative study on waterborne parasites between Malaysia and Thailand: A new insight. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; 90(4):682-9. PMC: 3973513. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0266. View

Abu-Madi M, Behnke J, Boughattas S, Al-Thani A, Doiphode S . A decade of intestinal protozoan epidemiology among settled immigrants in Qatar. BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16:370. PMC: 4974681. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1728-3. View

Berhe B, Mardu F, Tesfay K, Legese H, Adhanom G, Haileslasie H . More Than Half Prevalence of Protozoan Parasitic Infections Among Diarrheic Outpatients in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2019; A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist. 2020; 13:27-34. PMC: 6954853. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S238493. View

Okyay P, Ertug S, Gultekin B, Onen O, Beser E . Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample--Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2004; 4:64. PMC: 544355. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-4-64. View

10.

Alemnew B, Gedefaw G, Alen G, Bizuneh A . Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers working at higher public University student's cafeterias and public food establishments in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20(1):156. PMC: 7031974. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4884-4. View

11.

Firdu T, Abunna F, Girma M . Intestinal Protozoal Parasites in Diarrheal Children and Associated Risk Factors at Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study. Int Sch Res Notices. 2016; 2014:357126. PMC: 4897559. DOI: 10.1155/2014/357126. View

12.

Espinosa Aranzales A, Radon K, Froeschl G, Pinzon Rondon A, Delius M . Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in pregnant women residing in three districts of Bogotá, Colombia. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1):1071. PMC: 6114175. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5978-4. View

13.

Coulibaly G, Ouattara M, Dongo K, Hurlimann E, Bassa F, Kone N . Epidemiology of intestinal parasite infections in three departments of south-central Côte d'Ivoire before the implementation of a cluster-randomised trial. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2018; 3(2):63-76. PMC: 5952672. DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.02.003. View

14.

Yang D, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Dong S, Chen Y . Prevalence and Risk Factors of , and Infections in Elementary School Children in Southwestern China: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15(9). PMC: 6165538. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091809. View

15.

Hailegebriel T . Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among students at Dona Berber primary school, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1):362. PMC: 5442677. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2466-x. View

16.

Andargie G, Kassu A, Moges F, Tiruneh M, Huruy K . Prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008; 26(4):451-5. PMC: 2740691. DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v26i4.1887. View

17.

Sanprasert V, Srichaipon N, Bunkasem U, Srirungruang S, Nuchprayoon S . PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS AMONG CHILDREN IN THAILAND: A LARGE-SCALE SCREENING AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE STANDARD DETECTION METHODS. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2018; 47(6):1123-33. View

18.

Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, Guyatt G, Henry D, Hill S . Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res. 2004; 4(1):38. PMC: 545647. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-4-38. View

19.

Azian M, San Y, Gan C, Yusri M, Nurulsyamzawaty Y, Zuhaizam A . Prevalence of intestinal protozoa in an aborigine community in Pahang, Malaysia. Trop Biomed. 2007; 24(1):55-62. View

20.

Liao C, Fu C, Kao C, Lee Y, Chen P, Chuang T . Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in capital areas of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa. Afr Health Sci. 2016; 16(3):690-697. PMC: 5112002. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.8. View