An Organelle-Specific Nanozyme for Diabetes Care in Genetically or Diet-Induced Models

The development of nanozymes has made active impact in diagnosis and therapeutics. However, understanding of the full effects of these nanozymes on biochemical pathways and metabolic homeostasis remains elusive. Here, it is found that iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe O NPs), a type of well-established nanozyme, can locally regulate the energy sensor adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via their peroxidase-like activity in the acidic lysosomal compartment, thereby promoting glucose metabolism and insulin response. Fe O NPs induce AMPK activation and enhance glucose uptake in a variety of metabolically active cells as well as in insulin resistant cell models. Dietary Fe O NPs display therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in Drosophila models of diabetes induced by genetic manipulation or high-sugar diet. More importantly, intraperitoneal administration of Fe O NPs stimulates AMPK activities in metabolic tissues, reduces blood glucose levels, and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. The study reveals intrinsic organelle-specific properties of Fe O NPs in AMPK activation, glycemic control, and insulin-resistance improvement, suggesting their potential efficacy in diabetes care.