Health Education Intervention As an Effective Means for Prevention of Respiratory Infections Among Hajj Pilgrims: A Review

Overview

Journal Front Public Health

Specialty Public Health

Date 2020 Oct 5

PMID 33014965

Citations 4

Authors

Mohammed Dauda Goni

Habsah Hasan

Nadiah Wan-Arfah

Nyi Nyi Naing

Zakuan Zainy Deris

Wan Nor Arifin

Aisha Abubakar Baaba

Abdulwahab Aliyu

Babagana Mohammed Adam

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The prevalence of respiratory illness has continued to surge among Hajj pilgrims from different countries despite having some practices of preventive measures. Respiratory illnesses during Hajj could be due to many reasons and many factors that promote disease spread. These factors include overcrowding, cigarette smoking, and direct contact with infectious agents particularly viruses promote the spread of respiratory infections. However, due to the longer duration of the pilgrimage, there are high chances of pilgrims contracting various respiratory illnesses due to exposure to respiratory pathogens. Hajj pilgrims' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward respiratory tract infections are used as the determinant of the effectiveness of the health education interventions. Knowledge and application of basic hygiene principles, use of face masks, following cough etiquettes, engaging in social distancing, and engaging in other measures are highly important. In this paper, we reviewed the various effective intervention strategies implemented to help prevent respiratory tract infections during Hajj.

Citing Articles

Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic.

Haseeb A, Saleem Z, Faidah H, Saati A, AlQarni A, Iqbal M Antibiotics (Basel). 2023; 12(8).

PMID: 37627718 PMC: 10451798. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081299.

Health education provided by nurses to children and young people: parents' assessment.

Pereira A, Escola J, Almeida C, Rodrigues V BMC Nurs. 2023; 22(1):287.

PMID: 37626341 PMC: 10463446. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01447-x.

Impact of a Health Education Intervention on the Incidence of Influenza-Like Illnesses (ILI) During Hajj via Smartphone Application.

Goni M, Hasan H, Naing N, Wan-Arfah N, Deris Z, Arifin W J Immigr Minor Health. 2023; 25(4):870-881.

PMID: 36695987 PMC: 9875776. DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01443-4.

Diagnostic detection of intended bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections among Kelantanese Malaysian Hajj pilgrims by a ready-to-use, thermostable multiplex PCR assay.

Nik Zuraina N, Hasan H, Mohamad S, Suraiya S Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022; 29(8):103349.

PMID: 35800141 PMC: 9253910. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103349.

References

Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling B . Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5):434-436. PMC: 7118603. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X. View

Al-Ghamdi A, Kabbash I . Awareness of healthcare workers regarding preventive measures of communicable diseases among Hajj pilgrims at the entry point in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2011; 32(11):1161-7. View

Sim S, Moey K, Tan N . The use of facemasks to prevent respiratory infection: a literature review in the context of the Health Belief Model. Singapore Med J. 2014; 55(3):160-7. PMC: 4293989. DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014037. View

Saha A, Poddar E, Mankad M . Effectiveness of different methods of health education: a comparative assessment in a scientific conference. BMC Public Health. 2005; 5:88. PMC: 1199606. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-88. View

Gautret P, Hai V, Sani S, Doutchi M, Parola P, Brouqui P . Protective measures against acute respiratory symptoms in French pilgrims participating in the Hajj of 2009. J Travel Med. 2011; 18(1):53-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00480.x. View

Petersen E, Hui D, Perlman S, Zumla A . Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - advancing the public health and research agenda on MERS - lessons from the South Korea outbreak. Int J Infect Dis. 2015; 36:54-5. PMC: 7128482. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.004. View

Ashshi A, Azhar E, Johargy A, Asghar A, Momenah A, Turkestani A . Demographic distribution and transmission potential of influenza A and 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in pilgrims. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014; 8(9):1169-75. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.4204. View

Hasan H, Deris Z, Sulaiman S, Abdul Wahab M, Naing N, Ab Rahman Z . Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Acute Respiratory Symptoms in Malaysian Hajj Pilgrims. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014; 17(4):1114-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0059-y. View

Bindhim N, Shaman A, Trevena L, Basyouni M, Pont L, Alhawassi T . Depression screening via a smartphone app: cross-country user characteristics and feasibility. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014; 22(1):29-34. PMC: 4433364. DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002840. View

10.

Barasheed O, Almasri N, Badahdah A, Heron L, Taylor J, McPhee K . Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial to Test Effectiveness of Facemasks in Preventing Influenza-like Illness Transmission among Australian Hajj Pilgrims in 2011. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2014; 14(2):110-6. DOI: 10.2174/1871526514666141021112855. View

11.

Goni M, Naing N, Hasan H, Wan-Arfah N, Deris Z, Arifin W . Uptake of Recommended Vaccines and Its Associated Factors Among Malaysian Pilgrims During Hajj and Umrah 2018. Front Public Health. 2019; 7:268. PMC: 6759542. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00268. View

12.

Memish Z, Almasri M, Turkestani A, Al-Shangiti A, Yezli S . Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj-part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 25:186-90. PMC: 7110543. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.06.003. View

13.

Yezli S, Khan A . COVID-19 social distancing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Bold measures in the face of political, economic, social and religious challenges. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020; 37:101692. PMC: 7172679. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101692. View

14.

Khan M, Kinsara A, Osoba A, Wali S, Samman Y, Memish Z . Increasing resistance of M. tuberculosis to anti-TB drugs in Saudi Arabia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001; 17(5):415-8. DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00298-9. View

15.

Memish Z, Assiri A, Hussain R, Alomar I, Stephens G . Detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the time of a declared influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. J Travel Med. 2012; 19(1):15-21. PMC: 7537650. DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00575.x. View

16.

Emamian M, Hassani A, Fateh M . Respiratory Tract Infections and its Preventive Measures among Hajj Pilgrims, 2010: A Nested Case Control Study. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(9):1030-5. PMC: 3793484. View

17.

Chaiyachati K, Ogbuoji O, Price M, Suthar A, Negussie E, Barnighausen T . Interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a rapid systematic review. AIDS. 2014; 28 Suppl 2:S187-204. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000252. View

18.

Meysamie A, Ardakani H, Razavi S, Doroodi T . Comparison of mortality and morbidity rates among Iranian pilgrims in Hajj 2004 and 2005. Saudi Med J. 2006; 27(7):1049-53. View

19.

Yezli S, Saeed A, Assiri A, Alhakeem R, Yunus M, Turkistani A . Prevention of meningococcal disease during the Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings: past and current measures and future prospects. Int J Infect Dis. 2015; 47:71-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.12.010. View

20.

Gautret P, Benkouiten S, Salaheddine I, Belhouchat K, Drali T, Parola P . Hajj pilgrims knowledge about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, August to September 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013; 18(41):20604. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.41.20604. View