Italian Normative Data for the Original Version of the Tower of London Test: A Bivariate Analysis on Speed and Accuracy Scores

The Tower of London (ToL) test is traditionally used to assess strategical reasoning, problem-solving, and mental planning in clinical populations. Here, we provide the Italian standardization norms for the original, 12-problem version of the ToL test. The performance of 216 Italian individuals ranging 18 to 89 in age was scored in terms of both () and -the time, and the number of attempts, necessary to find a solution. We performed univariate analyses on separate and scores, using in years, in years, and (male vs. female) as predictors. scores and equivalent scores were provided. Moreover, we performed a bivariate analysis for the assessment of individuals' performance in terms of and simultaneously. This standardization allows clinicians to use the original, most widespread version of ToL with the Italian population, thus optimizing comparability with other clinical and experimental research worldwide. Critically, this article offers a new statistical perspective on how and scores, which are typically related to each other, can be combined to obtain a single, consistent clinical categorization that captures most of the information contained in the patient's performance.