Review of Constituents and Biological Activities of Triterpene Saponins from Et Rhizoma and Its Solubilization Characteristics

Overview

Journal Molecules

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biology

Date 2020 Sep 2

PMID 32867101

Citations 20

Authors

Feifei Li

Bin Liu

Tong Li

Qianwen Wu

Zhiyong Xu

Yuhao Gu

Wen Li

Penglong Wang

Tao Ma

Haimin Lei

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

et Rhizoma is regarded as one of the most popular and commonly used herbal medicines and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for over 2000 years. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins are common secondary metabolites in these plants, which are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway to produce a hydrophobic triterpenoid aglycone containing a hydrophilic sugar chain. This paper systematically summarizes the chemical structures of triterpene saponins in et Rhizoma and reviews and updates their main biological activities studies. Furthermore, the solubilization characteristics, influences, and mechanisms of et Rhizoma are elaborated. Solubilization of the triterpene saponins from et Rhizoma occurs because they contain the nonpolar sapogenin and water-soluble sidechain. The possible factors affecting the solubilization of et Rhizoma are mainly other crude drugs and the pH of the decoction. Triterpene saponins represented by glycyrrhizin from et Rhizoma characteristically form micelles due to amphiphilicity, which makes solubilization possible. This overview provides guidance regarding a better understanding of et Rhizoma and its TCM compatibility, alongside a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of et Rhizoma.

Citing Articles

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the OSC gene family in .

Wang X, Yan D, Chen L PeerJ. 2024; 12:e18322.

PMID: 39677956 PMC: 11639181. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18322.

Generation of a medicine food homology formula and its likely mechanism in treatment of microvascular angina.

Jin Z, Liu M, Xie B, Wen W, Yan Y, Zhang Y Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1404874.

PMID: 39281275 PMC: 11401076. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404874.

Ameliorative effect of licorice extract against the detrimental effect of glyphosate-based pesticide: Toxicity and health.

Elkattan A, El-Saadany S, Azzazy M, Okda T, Mamdouh M, Ahmed O Heliyon. 2024; 10(10):e31623.

PMID: 38831822 PMC: 11145546. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31623.

The additive effect of herbal medicines on lifestyle modification in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kim M, Ahn S, Hur N, Oh S, Son C Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1362391.

PMID: 38464716 PMC: 10920213. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362391.

Clinical Experience of External Application of Clearing Heat and Removing Dampness in Relieving Grade 2 to 3 Rash Caused by Programed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1)/Programed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Inhibitors: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Chen S, Zhao F, Yu R, Sun L, Yin Y, Zhang G Integr Cancer Ther. 2024; 23:15347354231226108.

PMID: 38240227 PMC: 10799584. DOI: 10.1177/15347354231226108.

References

Su X, Wu L, Hu M, Dong W, Xu M, Zhang P . Glycyrrhizic acid: A promising carrier material for anticancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 95:670-678. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.123. View

Fouladi S, Masjedi M, Ghasemi R, G Hakemi M, Eskandari N . The In Vitro Impact of Glycyrrhizic Acid on CD4+ T Lymphocytes through OX40 Receptor in the Patients with Allergic Rhinitis. Inflammation. 2018; 41(5):1690-1701. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0813-8. View

Akamatsu H, Komura J, Asada Y, Niwa Y . Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of glycyrrhizin: effect on neutrophil functions including reactive oxygen species generation. Planta Med. 1991; 57(2):119-21. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960045. View

Chan H, Chan C, Ho J . Inhibition of glycyrrhizic acid on aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma cells. Toxicology. 2003; 188(2-3):211-7. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00087-8. View

Akman T, Guven M, Aras A, Ozkan A, Sen H, Okuyucu A . The Neuroprotective Effect of Glycyrrhizic Acid on an Experimental Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Inflammation. 2015; 38(4):1581-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0133-1. View

Pang H, Huang T, Song J, Li D, Zhao Y, Ma X . Inhibiting HMGB1 with Glycyrrhizic Acid Protects Brain Injury after DAI via Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016:4569521. PMC: 4799817. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4569521. View

Wang C, Chen L, Xu C, Shi J, Chen S, Tan M . A Comprehensive Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biosynthesis Studies on spp. Am J Chin Med. 2020; 48(1):17-45. DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X20500020. View

Kitagawa I, Hori K, Uchida E, Chen W, Yoshikawa M, Ren J . Saponin and sapogenol. L. On the constituents of the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer from Xinjiang, China. Chemical structures of licorice-saponin L3 and isoliquiritin apioside. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993; 41(9):1567-72. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.41.1567. View

Liu X, Zhuo H, Xu X, Li W, Zou L, Song Y . [Study on puerarin dispersible tablet based on solubilization effect of glycyrrhizic acid]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2019; 44(7):1350-1356. DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190318.301. View

10.

Zheng Y, Wei J, Fang S, Tang Y, Cheng H, Wang T . Hepatoprotective triterpene saponins from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata. Molecules. 2015; 20(4):6273-83. PMC: 6272637. DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046273. View

11.

Bonafe G, Dos Santos J, Ziegler J, Umezawa K, Ribeiro M, Rocha T . Growth Inhibitory Effects of Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate in Glioblastoma Cell Lines by Targeting MicroRNAs Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019; 13:216. PMC: 6546822. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00216. View

12.

Deng Y, Lyu X, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Liu S, Zhao B . [Preparation of evodiamine-glycyrrhizic acid micelles with glycyrrhizic acid as carrier and their anti-hepatic fibrosis activity]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2020; 45(13):3136-3143. DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200424.304. View

13.

Schmid C, Dawid C, Peters V, Hofmann T . Saponins from European Licorice Roots ( Glycyrrhiza glabra). J Nat Prod. 2018; 81(8):1734-1744. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00022. View

14.

DOLL R, Hill I . Triterpenoid liquorice compound in gastric and duodenal ulcer. Lancet. 1962; 2(7266):1166-7. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(62)90926-1. View

15.

Guo J, Shang E, Zhao J, Fan X, Duan J, Qian D . Data mining and frequency analysis for licorice as a "Two-Face" herb in Chinese Formulae based on Chinese Formulae Database. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21(11):1281-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.006. View

16.

Murck H . Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection?. Front Immunol. 2020; 11:1239. PMC: 7270278. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01239. View

17.

Zhao Q, Luan X, Zheng M, Tian X, Zhao J, Zhang W . Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(2). PMC: 7076514. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128. View

18.

Guclu-Ustundag O, Mazza G . Saponins: properties, applications and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007; 47(3):231-58. DOI: 10.1080/10408390600698197. View

19.

Nakamura T, Fujii T, Ichihara A . Enzyme leakage due to change of membrane permeability of primary cultured rat hepatocytes treated with various hepatotoxins and its prevention by glycyrrhizin. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1985; 1(4):285-95. DOI: 10.1007/BF00118193. View

20.

Lee C, Park S, Kim Y, Kang S, Kim J, Lee S . Protective mechanism of glycyrrhizin on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007; 30(10):1898-904. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1898. View