Exploring Conformational Changes of PPAR-Ɣ Complexed with Novel Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Resveratrol Derivatives to Understand Binding Mode Assessment: a Small-molecule Checkmate to Cancer Therapy

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, activated by several ligands like fatty acids (linoleic acid being the most common) or their metabolites, can function as potential therapeutic target for various cancers. Although various synthetic ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), serves as full agonist for PPAR-γ, application of these molecules has been discontinued due to adverse toxicity profile. Hence, with a dire need to identify novel PPAR-γ-agonists, the present in silico study aimed to determine the effectiveness of potent flavonoids, kaempferol (CID: 5280863), quercetin (CID: 5280343), and stilbenoid resveratrol (CID: 445154) and their 806 derivatives towards PPAR-γ that could combat the deleterious effect of TZDs. The molecular docking experiment performed by FlexX elucidated the efficacy of derivatives; Kem204, Qur8, and Res183 of kaempferol, quercetin, and resveratrol respectively to be more effective against PPAR-γ as compared with other derivatives. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of Kem204, Qur8, and Res183 follow the drug-likeness and thus comprise a pharmacologically active model to be considered for advancing further potential hits. Further molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study revealed the Qur8 compound to have favorable dynamic interactions within the PPAR-γ which certainly paves away in developing futuristic potential anticancer drugs. Graphical abstract.