Prevalence, Pattern and Risk Factors of Retinal Diseases Among an Elderly Population in Nepal: The Bhaktapur Retina Study

Overview

Journal Clin Ophthalmol

Publisher Dove Medical Press

Specialty Ophthalmology

Date 2020 Aug 18

PMID 32801619

Citations 15

Authors

Raba Thapa

Shankar Khanal

Hendra Stevie Tan

Suman Shumsher Thapa

Gerardus Hermanus Maria Bartholomeus van Rens

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Retinal diseases are an emerging cause of visual impairment in the developing world. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence, pattern, and risk factors of retinal diseases in Nepal.

Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study conducted from 2013 to 2015. The sample size was 2100 subjects age 60 years and above from 30 clusters of Bhaktapur district, Nepal. Detailed history, visual acuity, and anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed. Blood sugar and blood pressure were measured.

Results: Complete information was available for 1860 (88.57%) subjects. Mean age was 69.64±7.31 years, ranging from 60 to 95 years. The prevalence of any retinal disorder was 52.37% (95% confidence interval (CI): 50.07-54.66%). The prevalence of retinal disorders increased with ageing: 51.26% between 60 and 69 years and 53.05% among those age 80 years and above. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was the most common retinal disease (35.43%), followed by hypertensive retinopathy (4.35%), epiretinal membrane (ERM) (3.66%), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (2.90%), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) (2.15%). Other rare retinal disorders included myopic fundus (0.86%), chorioretinal scar (0.54%), retinal holes (0.32%), retinitis pigmentosa (0.32%), retinal detachment (0.16%), and coloboma (0.11%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, those with prior cataract surgery (odds ratio (OR), 1.71; 95% CI: 1.32-2.22, p < 0.001) and systemic hypertension (OR, 1.21; 95% CI: 1.001-1.47, p = 0.049) had significantly increased retinal disorders.

Conclusion: Prevalence of retinal disorder was 52.37% at age 60 years and above. AMD, hypertensive retinopathy, ERM, BRVO, and DR were the most common retinal disorders. Retinal disorders increased with ageing. Retinal disorders were found associated with hypertension and prior cataract surgery. Timely screening, control of blood sugar and high blood pressure, and regular eye check-ups could help to save vision from retinal diseases.

Citing Articles

Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Retinal Tissue Engineering.

Wu K, Osman R, Kearn N, Kalevar A Biomimetics (Basel). 2024; 9(12).

PMID: 39727737 PMC: 11673743. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9120733.

Challenges in AAV-Based Retinal Gene Therapies and the Role of Magnetic Nanoparticle Platforms.

Siontas O, Ahn S J Clin Med. 2024; 13(23).

PMID: 39685843 PMC: 11642484. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13237385.

Nanotechnology in retinal diseases: From disease diagnosis to therapeutic applications.

Kaur G, Bisen S, Singh N Biophys Rev (Melville). 2024; 5(4):041305.

PMID: 39512331 PMC: 11540445. DOI: 10.1063/5.0214899.

Population Prevalence, Pattern and Associated Factors for Retinal Diseases at High Altitude in Nepal.

Thapa R, Ruit S, Poudel M, Neupane P, Banjara P, Duwal S Clin Ophthalmol. 2024; 18:2555-2565.

PMID: 39257593 PMC: 11385359. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S457153.

Proportion and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in residents of Brussels with versus without diabetes mellitus.

Panagiotou D, Van Den Eeckhaute L, Laouani A, Coquelet P, Papadaki M, Frere A Int Ophthalmol. 2024; 44(1):322.

PMID: 38980422 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03242-2.

References

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H . Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5):1047-53. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047. View

Thapa R, Bajimaya S, Paudyal G, Khanal S, Tan S, Thapa S . Prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017; 17(1):162. PMC: 5581447. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0552-x. View

Klaver C, Wolfs R, Vingerling J, Hofman A, de Jong P . Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998; 116(5):653-8. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.116.5.653. View

Koh V, Cheung C, Wong W, Cheung C, Wang J, Mitchell P . Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in Asian Indians. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53(2):1018-22. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8557. View

Wang S, Xu L, Jonas J, Wong T, Cui T, Li Y . Major eye diseases and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in an adult Chinese population: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116(12):2373-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.041. View

Thapa S, Rana P, Twayana S, Shrestha M, Paudel I, Paudyal G . Rationale, methods and baseline demographics of the Bhaktapur Glaucoma Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 39(2):126-34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02429.x. View

Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etyaale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel G . Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 82(11):844-51. PMC: 2623053. DOI: /S0042-96862004001100009. View

Kempen J, OColmain B, Leske M, Haffner S, Klein R, Moss S . The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(4):552-63. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.122.4.552. View

Klein R, Klein B, Linton K . Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992; 99(6):933-43. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8. View

10.

Rai B, Morley M, Bernstein P, Maddess T . Pattern of vitreo-retinal diseases at the national referral hospital in Bhutan: a retrospective, hospital-based study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020; 20(1):51. PMC: 7017569. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01335-x. View

11.

West S, Sommer A . Prevention of blindness and priorities for the future. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79(3):244-8. PMC: 2566384. View

12.

Thapa S, Khanal S, Paudyal I, Twyana S, Ruit S, van Rens G . Outcomes of cataract surgery: a population-based developing world study in the Bhaktapur district, Nepal. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011; 39(9):851-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02576.x. View

13.

Varma R, Fraser-Bell S, Tan S, Klein R, Azen S . Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111(7):1288-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.01.023. View

14.

Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, Wang J . Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1995; 102(10):1450-60. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30846-9. View

15.

Thapa R, Poudyal G, Crandall A, Tabin G . Vitreo-retinal disorders at high altitude in Nepal. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2013; 5(1):57-62. DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7823. View

16.

Kawasaki R, Wang J, Sato H, Mitchell P, Kato T, Kawata S . Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes in an adult Japanese population: the Funagata study. Eye (Lond). 2009; 23(5):1045-51. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2008.238. View

17.

Hatef E, Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Mohammad K, Jalali K . Prevalence of retinal diseases and their pattern in Tehran: the Tehran eye study. Retina. 2008; 28(5):755-62. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181613463. View

18.

Bennett S, Woods T, Liyanage W, Smith D . A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Stat Q. 1991; 44(3):98-106. View

19.

Thapa R, Bajimaya S, Paudyal G, Khanal S, Tan S, Thapa S . Prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017; 11:963-972. PMC: 5449112. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S132338. View

20.

Paudyal G, Shrestha M, Meyer J, Thapa R, Gurung R, Ruit S . Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy following a community screening for diabetes. Nepal Med Coll J. 2009; 10(3):160-3. View