Canine Parvovirus Vaccination and Immunisation Failures: Are We Far from Disease Eradication?

Overview

Journal Vet Microbiol

Specialties Microbiology
Veterinary Medicine

Date 2020 Aug 10

PMID 32768213

Citations 47

Authors

N Decaro

C Buonavoglia

V R Barrs

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.

Citing Articles

Introduction of a Divergent Canine Parvovirus Type 2b Strain with a Dog in Sicily, Southern Italy, Through the Mediterranean Sea Route to Europe.

Mira F, Franzo G, Schiro G, Vicari D, Purpari G, Cannella V Pathogens. 2025; 14(2).

PMID: 40005485 PMC: 11857852. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14020108.

The first comprehensive study on isolation and genetic characterization of canine parvoviruses from dogs in Mizoram, India reveals the emergence of CPV-2c.

Chakraborty P, Behera S, Lalhriatchhungi M, Roychoudhury P, Maibam L, Behera P Iran J Vet Res. 2025; 25(3):261-272.

PMID: 39925828 PMC: 11801323. DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2024.49573.7295.

Identification of Host-Protein Interaction Network of Canine Parvovirus Capsid Protein VP2 in F81 Cells.

Zhou H, Zhang H, Su X, Xu F, Xiao B, Zhang J Microorganisms. 2025; 13(1.

PMID: 39858856 PMC: 11767315. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010088.

Overview of Recent Advances in Canine Parvovirus Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Zhou H, Cui K, Su X, Zhang H, Xiao B, Li S Microorganisms. 2025; 13(1).

PMID: 39858815 PMC: 11767475. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010047.

Characterization, Quantification, and Molecular Identification of Co-Infection of Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) Variants in Dogs Affected by Gastroenteritis in Ecuador During 2022-2023.

Loor-Giler A, Santander-Parra S, Castillo-Reyes S, Campos M, Mena-Perez R, Prado-Chiriboga S Vet Sci. 2025; 12(1).

PMID: 39852921 PMC: 11769545. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12010046.

References

Parrish C, OConnell P, Evermann J, Carmichael L . Natural variation of canine parvovirus. Science. 1985; 230(4729):1046-8. DOI: 10.1126/science.4059921. View

Decaro N, Buonavoglia C . Canine parvovirus post-vaccination shedding: Interference with diagnostic assays and correlation with host immune status. Vet J. 2017; 221:23-24. PMC: 7129782. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.020. View

Duijvestijn M, Mughini-Gras L, Schuurman N, Schijf W, Wagenaar J, Egberink H . Enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (Co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors. Vet Microbiol. 2016; 195:115-122. PMC: 7130724. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.006. View

Martella V, Cirone F, Elia G, Lorusso E, Decaro N, Campolo M . Heterogeneity within the hemagglutinin genes of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains detected in Italy. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 116(4):301-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.019. View

Rika-Heke T, Kelman M, Ward M . The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index, rainfall and the occurrence of canine tick paralysis, feline tick paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia. Vet J. 2015; 205(1):87-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.012. View

Decaro N, Buonavoglia C . Canine parvovirus--a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Vet Microbiol. 2011; 155(1):1-12. PMC: 7173204. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.007. View

Schultz R . Duration of immunity for canine and feline vaccines: a review. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 117(1):75-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.013. View

Woolford L, Crocker P, Bobrowski H, Baker T, Hemmatzadeh F . Detection of the Canine Parvovirus 2c Subtype in Australian Dogs. Viral Immunol. 2017; 30(5):371-376. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0019. View

Woolhouse M, Brierley L, McCaffery C, Lycett S . Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22(12):2037-2044. PMC: 5189130. DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160123. View

10.

Yule T, Roth M, Dreier K, Johnson A, Simmons K, Fanton R . Canine parvovirus vaccine elicits protection from the inflammatory and clinical consequences of the disease. Vaccine. 1997; 15(6-7):720-9. PMC: 7131570. DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00232-0. View

11.

Horzinek M . Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 117(1):2-8. PMC: 7131694. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.002. View

12.

Hernandez-Blanco B, Catala-Lopez F . Are licensed canine parvovirus (CPV2 and CPV2b) vaccines able to elicit protection against CPV2c subtype in puppies?: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Vet Microbiol. 2015; 180(1-2):1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.027. View

13.

Buonavoglia C, Martella V, Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Cavalli A, Buonavoglia D . Evidence for evolution of canine parvovirus type 2 in Italy. J Gen Virol. 2001; 82(Pt 12):3021-3025. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-3021. View

14.

McCaw D, Thompson M, Tate D, Bonderer A, Chen Y . Serum distemper virus and parvovirus antibody titers among dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998; 213(1):72-5. View

15.

Wilson S, Stirling C, Borowski S, Thomas A, King V, Salt J . Vaccination of dogs with Duramune DAPPi+LC protects against pathogenic canine parvovirus type 2c challenge. Vet Rec. 2013; 172(25):662. DOI: 10.1136/vr.101509. View

16.

Greenwood N, Chalmers W, Baxendale W, Thompson H . Comparison of isolates of canine parvovirus by restriction enzyme analysis, and vaccine efficacy against field strains. Vet Rec. 1995; 136(3):63-7. DOI: 10.1136/vr.136.3.63. View

17.

van de Bildt M, Kuiken T, Visee A, Lema S, Fitzjohn T, Osterhaus A . Distemper outbreak and its effect on African wild dog conservation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8(2):211-3. PMC: 2732438. DOI: 10.3201/eid0802.010314. View

18.

Pollock R, Carmichael L . Maternally derived immunity to canine parvovirus infection: transfer, decline, and interference with vaccination. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982; 180(1):37-42. View

19.

Litster A, Nichols J, Volpe A . Prevalence of positive antibody test results for canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) and response to modified live vaccination against CPV and CDV in dogs entering animal shelters. Vet Microbiol. 2012; 157(1-2):86-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.030. View

20.

Mitchell S, Zwijnenberg R, Huang J, Hodge A, Day M . Duration of serological response to canine parvovirus-type 2, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 1 and canine parainfluenza virus in client-owned dogs in Australia. Aust Vet J. 2012; 90(12):468-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.01009.x. View