Understanding Covid and the Associated Post-infectious Hyper-inflammatory State (PIMS-TS) in Children

Overview

Journal Med Hypotheses

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2020 Aug 8

PMID 32758875

Citations 4

Authors

Shelley Riphagen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

When SARS-CoV2 infection was first reported from China, very few children had severe lung or systemic disease. Approximately six weeks after the first adult cases were reported in the United Kingdom, a small subgroup of children of largely non-white backgrounds, presented with severe hyper-inflammatory disease, most likely associated with Covid. The possible reasons for this ethnic predilection are explored.

Citing Articles

Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Regulation in Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Opoka-Winiarska V, Grywalska E, Morawska-Michalska I, Korona-Glowniak I, Kadziolka O, Gosik K Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(11).

PMID: 38892153 PMC: 11172628. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115968.

Antibody response in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 (MIS-C) compared to children with uncomplicated COVID-19.

Thiriard A, Meyer B, Eberhardt C, Loevy N, Grazioli S, Adouan W Front Immunol. 2023; 14:1107156.

PMID: 37006315 PMC: 10050384. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107156.

Impact of Ethnicity on COVID-19 Related Hospitalizations in Children During the First Pandemic Wave in Northern Italy.

Baronio R, Savare L, Ruggiero J, Crotti B, Mazza A, Marseglia G Front Pediatr. 2021; 9:625398.

PMID: 33614556 PMC: 7889594. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.625398.

Distinctive Features of Kawasaki Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: a Controlled Study in Paris, France.

Toubiana J, Cohen J, Brice J, Poirault C, Bajolle F, Curtis W J Clin Immunol. 2021; 41(3):526-535.

PMID: 33394320 PMC: 7780601. DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00941-0.

References

Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, Kaforou M, Jones C, Shah P . Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020; 324(3):259-269. PMC: 7281356. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.10369. View

Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong J, Turner A . Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 2020; 126(10):1456-1474. PMC: 7188049. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015. View

Lips P, de Jongh R . Vitamin D deficiency in immigrants. Bone Rep. 2018; 9:37-41. PMC: 6303232. DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.06.001. View

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J . A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(8):727-733. PMC: 7092803. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. View

Shekerdemian L, Mahmood N, Wolfe K, Riggs B, Ross C, McKiernan C . Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020; 174(9):868-873. PMC: 7489842. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1948. View

Li W, Zhang C, Sui J, Kuhn J, Moore M, Luo S . Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2. EMBO J. 2005; 24(8):1634-43. PMC: 1142572. DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600640. View

Halim A, Emami A, Salahshourifar I, Kannan T . Keloid scarring: understanding the genetic basis, advances, and prospects. Arch Plast Surg. 2012; 39(3):184-9. PMC: 3385329. DOI: 10.5999/aps.2012.39.3.184. View

Simmonds J, Tuomi A, Groblewski J . High rates of subglottic stenosis seen in African-American children admitted with severe croup to hospitals in the United States between 2003 and 2013. Respir Med. 2018; 143:56-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.08.015. View

OConnor M, Thoreson C, Ramsey N, Ricks M, Sumner A . The uncertain significance of low vitamin D levels in African descent populations: a review of the bone and cardiometabolic literature. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 56(3):261-9. PMC: 3894250. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.015. View

10.

Paalani M, Lee J, Haddad E, Tonstad S . Determinants of inflammatory markers in a bi-ethnic population. Ethn Dis. 2011; 21(2):142-9. PMC: 3427005. View

11.

Belhadjer Z, Meot M, Bajolle F, Khraiche D, Legendre A, Abakka S . Acute Heart Failure in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in the Context of Global SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Circulation. 2020; 142(5):429-436. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360. View

12.

Bunyavanich S, Do A, Vicencio A . Nasal Gene Expression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Children and Adults. JAMA. 2020; 323(23):2427-2429. PMC: 7240631. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.8707. View

13.

Wang Y, Lim H . The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012; 24(3):176-88. PMC: 4561623. DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.688195. View

14.

Harris S . Vitamin D and African Americans. J Nutr. 2006; 136(4):1126-9. DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.1126. View

15.

Nedelec Y, Sanz J, Baharian G, Szpiech Z, Pacis A, Dumaine A . Genetic Ancestry and Natural Selection Drive Population Differences in Immune Responses to Pathogens. Cell. 2016; 167(3):657-669.e21. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.025. View

16.

Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P . Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020; 395(10237):1607-1608. PMC: 7204765. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1. View

17.

Wilkins J, Ghosh P, Vivar J, Chakraborty B, Ghosh S . Exploring the associations between systemic inflammation, obesity and healthy days: a health related quality of life (HRQOL) analysis of NHANES 2005-2008. BMC Obes. 2018; 5:21. PMC: 6091152. DOI: 10.1186/s40608-018-0196-2. View

18.

Lips P, Cashman K, Lamberg-Allardt C, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Bianchi M . Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019; 180(4):P23-P54. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-18-0736. View

19.

Zakharova I, Klimov L, Kuryaninova V, Nikitina I, Malyavskaya S, Dolbnya S . Vitamin D Insufficiency in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019; 10:103. PMC: 6406072. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00103. View

20.

Miller M, Cappuccio F . Ethnicity and inflammatory pathways - implications for vascular disease, vascular risk and therapeutic intervention. Curr Med Chem. 2007; 14(13):1409-25. DOI: 10.2174/092986707780831131. View