Use of Factory-Calibrated Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Improves Time in Target and HbA in a Multiethnic Cohort of Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The MILLENNIALS Study

Objective: International type 1 diabetes registries have shown that HbA levels are highest in young people with type 1 diabetes; however, improving their glycemic control remains a challenge. We propose that use of the factory-calibrated Dexcom G6 CGM system would improve glycemic control in this cohort.

Research Design And Methods: We conducted a randomized crossover trial in young people with type 1 diabetes (16-24 years old) comparing the Dexcom G6 CGM system and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Participants were assigned to the interventions in random order during two 8-week study periods. During SMBG, blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was worn by each participant for 10 days at the start, week 4, and week 7 of the control period. HbA measurements were drawn after enrollment and before and after each treatment period. The primary outcome was time in range 70-180 mg/dL.

Results: Time in range was significantly higher during CGM compared with control (35.7 ± 13.5% vs. 24.6 ± 9.3%; mean difference 11.1% [95% CI 7.0-15.2]; < 0.001). CGM use reduced mean sensor glucose (219.7 ± 37.6 mg/dL vs. 251.9 ± 36.3 mg/dL; mean difference -32.2 mg/dL [95% CI -44.5 to -20.0]; < 0.001) and time above range (61.7 ± 15.1% vs. 73.6 ± 10.4%; mean difference 11.9% [95% CI -16.4 to -7.4]; < 0.001). HbA level was reduced by 0.76% (95% CI -1.1 to -0.4) (-8.5 mmol/mol [95% CI -12.4 to -4.6]; < 0.001). Times spent below range (<70 mg/dL and <54 mg/dL) were low and comparable during both study periods. Sensor wear was 84% during the CGM period.

Conclusions: CGM use in young people with type 1 diabetes improves time in target and HbA levels compared with SMBG.