First-Line Vasopressor and Mortality Rates in ED Patients with Acute Drug Overdose

Introduction: While emergency department (ED) visits for acute drug overdose are at an all-time high, the importance of vasopressors to treat circulatory shock in this patient population remains unclear. This study investigated the association between first-line vasopressor and mortality, for both push-dose and infusion, in this patient population.

Methods: From a prospective cohort of consecutive ED patients with drug overdose at two urban teaching centers over 5 years, we performed a secondary data analysis of patients with circulatory shock, defined as hypotension requiring either vasopressors, high-dose insulin euglycemia therapy, or both. The first-line vasopressor (push-dose and infusion) was analyzed for associations with the primary outcome (in-hospital mortality) and secondary outcomes (24-hour mortality, ICU LOS). Subgroup analysis of beta-/calcium-channel blocker overdose was performed to evaluate impact of antidotal therapies. Data analysis included multivariable regression.

Results: Fifty-five patients with circulatory shock were analyzed, in whom there was 20% 24-hour mortality, 42% in-hospital mortality, 730-minute mean vasopressor duration, and 53.4-hour median ICU LOS. On multivariable analysis, there was significantly decreased adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality with first-line push-dose phenylephrine (aOR 0.06, CI 0.01-0.55), and significantly increased adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality with first-line push-dose epinephrine (aOR 60.8, CI 6.1-608). Of the first-line infusions, norepinephrine had the lowest odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.80, CI 0.2-3.1).

Conclusions: In ED patients with undifferentiated drug overdose and circulatory shock, the first-line vasopressor is associated with in-hospital mortality. First-line push-dose phenylephrine was associated with the lowest odds of in-hospital mortality. Future randomized studies are warranted for validation.