ECDC/EFSA/EMA Second Joint Report on the Integrated Analysis of the Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Humans and Food-producing Animals: Joint Interagency Antimicrobial Consumption And...

Overview

Journal EFSA J

Date 2020 Jul 7

PMID 32625542

Citations 166

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The second ECDC/EFSA/EMA joint report on the integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals addressed data obtained by the Agencies' EU-wide surveillance networks for 2013-2015. AMC in both sectors, expressed in mg/kg of estimated biomass, were compared at country and European level. Substantial variations between countries were observed in both sectors. Estimated data on AMC for pigs and poultry were used for the first time. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to study associations between AMC and AMR. In 2014, the average AMC was higher in animals (152 mg/kg) than in humans (124 mg/kg), but the opposite applied to the median AMC (67 and 118 mg/kg, respectively). In 18 of 28 countries, AMC was lower in animals than in humans. Univariate analysis showed statistically-significant (p < 0.05) associations between AMC and AMR for fluoroquinolones and in both sectors, for 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins and in humans, and tetracyclines and polymyxins and in animals. In humans, there was a statistically-significant association between AMC and AMR for carbapenems and polymyxins in . Consumption of macrolides in animals was significantly associated with macrolide resistance in in animals and humans. Multivariate analyses provided a unique approach to assess the contributions of AMC in humans and animals and AMR in bacteria from animals to AMR in bacteria from humans. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance in from humans was associated with corresponding AMC in humans, whereas resistance to fluoroquinolones in spp. and spp. from humans was related to consumption of fluoroquinolones in animals. These results suggest that from a 'One-health' perspective, there is potential in both sectors to further develop prudent use of antimicrobials and thereby reduce AMR.

Citing Articles

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Isolates from Clinical Cases of Chickens in Hungary Between 2022 and 2023.

Jerzsele A, Szabo A, Barnacz F, Csirmaz B, Kovacs L, Kerek A Antibiotics (Basel). 2025; 14(2).

PMID: 40001419 PMC: 11851984. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14020176.

Standardization and evaluation of indicators for quantifying antimicrobial use on U.S. dairy farms.

Lu Z, Bulut E, Nydam D, Ivanek R Front Antibiot. 2025; 2():1176817.

PMID: 39816641 PMC: 11731823. DOI: 10.3389/frabi.2023.1176817.

Broiler farming and antibiotic use through an agency theory lens. A case study from West Bengal, India.

Hennessey M, Samanta I, Fournie G, Quaife M, Gautham M, Paleja H PLoS One. 2025; 20(1):e0314090.

PMID: 39787160 PMC: 11717193. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314090.

Interaction Between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Cannabidiol in the Gut of Chickens Applied to Different Challenge Conditions.

Szkopek D, Mendel M, Kinsner M, Fotschki B, Juskiewicz J, Kozlowski K Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(21).

PMID: 39518951 PMC: 11547005. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111398.

Characterization of Virulence Genotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Biofilm Synthesis in spp Isolated from Foodborne Outbreaks.

Mehdi Soltan Dallal M, Nasser A, Karimaei S Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2024; 2024:4805228.

PMID: 39346023 PMC: 11436275. DOI: 10.1155/2024/4805228.

References

Hopkins K, Kirchner M, Guerra B, Granier S, Lucarelli C, Porrero M . Multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in Europe: a new pandemic strain?. Euro Surveill. 2010; 15(22):19580. View

Aviv G, Tsyba K, Steck N, Salmon-Divon M, Cornelius A, Rahav G . A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain. Environ Microbiol. 2013; 16(4):977-94. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12351. View

Borowiak M, Szabo I, Baumann B, Junker E, Hammerl J, Kaesbohrer A . VIM-1-producing Salmonella Infantis isolated from swine and minced pork meat in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017; 72(7):2131-2133. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx101. View

Cohn L, Middleton J . A veterinary perspective on methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010; 20(1):31-45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00497.x. View

Durham L, Ge M, Cuccia A, Quinn J . Modeling antibiotic resistance to project future rates: quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010; 29(3):353-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0862-x. View

Brink A, Coetzee J, Corcoran C, Clay C, Hari-Makkan D, Jacobson R . Emergence of OXA-48 and OXA-181 carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa and evidence of in vivo selection of colistin resistance as a consequence of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 51(1):369-72. PMC: 3536210. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02234-12. View

. The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017/2018. EFSA J. 2020; 18(3):e06007. PMC: 7448042. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6007. View

Monnet D, Lopez-Lozano J, Campillos P, Burgos A, Yague A, Gonzalo N . Making sense of antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance data: application of ARIMA and transfer function models. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002; 7 Suppl 5:29-36. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2001.00071.x. View

Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11(12):1965-6. PMC: 3367632. DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050428. View

10.

Jensen U, Muller A, Brandt C, Frimodt-Moller N, Hammerum A, Monnet D . Effect of generics on price and consumption of ciprofloxacin in primary healthcare: the relationship to increasing resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010; 65(6):1286-91. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq093. View

11.

Kahlmeter G, Brown D, Goldstein F, MacGowan A, Mouton J, Osterlund A . European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003; 52(2):145-8. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg312. View

12.

Irrgang A, Roschanski N, Tenhagen B, Grobbel M, Skladnikiewicz-Ziemer T, Thomas K . Prevalence of mcr-1 in E. coli from Livestock and Food in Germany, 2010-2015. PLoS One. 2016; 11(7):e0159863. PMC: 4959773. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159863. View

13.

Gibreel A, Taylor D . Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 58(2):243-55. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl210. View

14.

Theuretzbacher U . Product information for parenteral colistin varies substantially across Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014; 69(7):1987-92. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku064. View

15.

Pyorala S, Baptiste K, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Moreno M . Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: use and development of antimicrobial resistance. Vet J. 2014; 200(2):230-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028. View

16.

Gallini A, Degris E, Desplas M, Bourrel R, Archambaud M, Montastruc J . Influence of fluoroquinolone consumption in inpatients and outpatients on ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli in a university hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010; 65(12):2650-7. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq351. View

17.

Huang E, Gurzau A, Hanson B, Kates A, Smith T, Pettigrew M . Detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among swine workers in Romania. J Infect Public Health. 2014; 7(4):323-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.03.008. View

18.

Lucarelli C, Dionisi A, Torpdahl M, Villa L, Graziani C, Hopkins K . Evidence for a second genomic island conferring multidrug resistance in a clonal group of strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant circulating in Italy, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(6):2103-9. PMC: 2884514. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01371-09. View

19.

Blix H, Engeland A, Litleskare I, Ronning M . Age- and gender-specific antibacterial prescribing in Norway. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 59(5):971-6. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm032. View

20.

Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Pomba M, Greko C, Moreno M, Pyorala S . Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health. Epidemiol Infect. 2010; 138(5):626-44. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268810000014. View