Stereotyped, Automatized and Habitual Behaviours: Are They Similar Constructs Under the Control of the Same Cerebral Areas?

Overview

Journal AIMS Neurosci

Specialty Neurology

Date 2020 Jul 2

PMID 32607417

Authors

Tiziana M Florio

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Comprehensive knowledge about higher executive functions of motor control has been covered in the last decades. Critical goals have been targeted through many different technological approaches. An abundant flow of new results greatly progressed our ability to respond at better-posited answers to look more than ever at the challenging neural system functioning. Behaviour is the observable result of the invisible, as complex cerebral functioning. Many pathological states are approached after symptomatology categorisation of behavioural impairments is achieved. Motor, non-motor and psychiatric signs are greatly shared by many neurological/psychiatric disorders. Together with the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia contribute to the expression of behaviour promoting the correct action schemas and the selection of appropriate sub-goals based on the evaluation of action outcomes. The present review focus on the basic classification of higher motor control functioning, taking into account the recent advances in basal ganglia structural knowledge and the computational model of basal ganglia functioning. We discuss about the basal ganglia capability in executing ordered motor patterns in which any single movement is linked to each other into an action, and many actions are ordered into each other, giving them a syntactic value to the final behaviour. The stereotypic, automatized and habitual behaviour's constructs and controls are the expression of successive stages of rule internalization and categorisation aimed in producing the perfect spatial-temporal control of motor command.

References

Glover S, Bibby E, Tuomi E . Executive functions in motor imagery: support for the motor-cognitive model over the functional equivalence model. Exp Brain Res. 2020; 238(4):931-944. PMC: 7181437. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05756-4. View

Buch E, Brasted P, Wise S . Comparison of population activity in the dorsal premotor cortex and putamen during the learning of arbitrary visuomotor mappings. Exp Brain Res. 2005; 169(1):69-84. PMC: 1413509. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0130-y. View

Berganzo K, Tijero B, Gonzalez-Eizaguirre A, Somme J, Lezcano E, Gabilondo I . Motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and their impact on quality of life and on different clinical subgroups. Neurologia. 2014; 31(9):585-591. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.10.010. View

Del Vecchio M, Caruana F, Sartori I, Pelliccia V, Zauli F, Lo Russo G . Action execution and action observation elicit mirror responses with the same temporal profile in human SII. Commun Biol. 2020; 3(1):80. PMC: 7033229. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0793-8. View

Balleine B, Liljeholm M, Ostlund S . The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioning. Behav Brain Res. 2008; 199(1):43-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.034. View

Lisman J, Grace A . The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron. 2005; 46(5):703-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.002. View

Grol M, de Lange F, Verstraten F, Passingham R, Toni I . Cerebral changes during performance of overlearned arbitrary visuomotor associations. J Neurosci. 2006; 26(1):117-25. PMC: 6674309. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2786-05.2006. View

Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S . Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Curr Biol. 2011; 21(13):1081-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001. View

Athalye V, Carmena J, Costa R . Neural reinforcement: re-entering and refining neural dynamics leading to desirable outcomes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2019; 60:145-154. DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.023. View

10.

Arber S . Motor circuits in action: specification, connectivity, and function. Neuron. 2012; 74(6):975-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.011. View

11.

Feng Y, Yang S, Tan Z, Wang M, Xing Y, Dong F . The benefits and mechanisms of exercise training for Parkinson's disease. Life Sci. 2020; 245:117345. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117345. View

12.

Giordano N, Iemolo A, Mancini M, Cacace F, De Risi M, Latagliata E . Motor learning and metaplasticity in striatal neurons: relevance for Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2017; 141(2):505-520. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx351. View

13.

Lehericy S, Benali H, Van de Moortele P, Pelegrini-Issac M, Waechter T, Ugurbil K . Distinct basal ganglia territories are engaged in early and advanced motor sequence learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(35):12566-71. PMC: 1194910. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502762102. View

14.

Grillner S, Robertson B . The Basal Ganglia Over 500 Million Years. Curr Biol. 2016; 26(20):R1088-R1100. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.041. View

15.

Charpier S, Mahon S, Deniau J . In vivo induction of striatal long-term potentiation by low-frequency stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience. 1999; 91(4):1209-22. DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00719-2. View

16.

Jenkins I, Jahanshahi M, Jueptner M, Passingham R, Brooks D . Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. II. The effect of movement predictability on regional cerebral blood flow. Brain. 2000; 123 ( Pt 6):1216-28. DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.6.1216. View

17.

Shu S, Jiang G, Zheng Z, Ma L, Wang B, Zeng Q . A New Neural Pathway from the Ventral Striatum to the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert with Functional Implication to Learning and Memory. Mol Neurobiol. 2019; 56(10):7222-7233. PMC: 6728281. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1588-0. View

18.

Vandaele Y, Mahajan N, Ottenheimer D, Richard J, Mysore S, Janak P . Distinct recruitment of dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum erodes with extended training. Elife. 2019; 8. PMC: 6822989. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.49536. View

19.

Smith K, Graybiel A . A dual operator view of habitual behavior reflecting cortical and striatal dynamics. Neuron. 2013; 79(2):361-74. PMC: 3951965. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.038. View

20.

Centonze D, Picconi B, Gubellini P, Bernardi G, Calabresi P . Dopaminergic control of synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Eur J Neurosci. 2001; 13(6):1071-7. DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01485.x. View